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Field-Based Physical and Temporal Correlates of Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers (No acronym)

24. april 2026 opdateret af: Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya, Federal University of Vicosa

Relationship Between Explosive Strength, Shoulder Flexibility, Sprint Performance, Wind-Up Temporal Characteristics, and Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers: A Completed Observational Repeated-Measures Study

This completed observational repeated-measures study examined the relationship between field-based physical and temporal measures and pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers. Six adolescent pitchers were assessed repeatedly over five weeks. The assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance, countermovement jump height, 30 m sprint time, shoulder flexibility, temporal characteristics of two operational wind-up phases, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. No experimental intervention or modification of the athletes' usual training was implemented.

Studieoversigt

Status

Afsluttet

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Pitch velocity is a relevant performance indicator in baseball pitching, particularly during adolescent development, when physical capacities, technical refinement, and sport-specific skill acquisition occur simultaneously. This completed observational study was designed to explore whether field-based measures of explosive strength, shoulder flexibility, sprint performance, and wind-up temporal organization were associated with pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers.

The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, longitudinal repeated-measures design. Six adolescent baseball pitchers were assessed once per week over approximately five weeks, yielding repeated observations nested within each athlete. The study did not involve an assigned intervention, randomization, treatment allocation, or modification of the athletes' usual training process.

The field-based assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance as an indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance, countermovement jump height as an indicator of lower-body explosive performance, 30 m flying sprint time as an indicator of sprint performance, shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, temporal analysis of two operational phases of the pitching wind-up using video, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. Wind-up phase 1 was operationally defined as the interval from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, whereas wind-up phase 2 was defined as the interval from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target.

The main analytical purpose was to describe the magnitude and direction of the associations between the field-based measures and pitch velocity while accounting for the repeated-measures structure of the data. Analyses were planned using descriptive statistics and association models appropriate for repeated observations within participants, including mixed-effects models or exploratory correlation procedures when required by the sample size.

Undersøgelsestype

Observationel

Tilmelding (Faktiske)

6

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiesteder

  • Colombia
    • Antioquia
      • Guarne, Antioquia, Colombia, 054080
        • Tecnológico de Antioquia

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Barn

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Prøveudtagningsmetode

Ikke-sandsynlighedsprøve

Studiebefolkning

The study population consisted of male adolescent baseball pitchers aged 13 to 14 years from an organized youth baseball training process in Antioquia, Colombia. Participants were healthy athletes involved in regular baseball practice and were assessed using field-based physical, biomechanical, and performance measures related to pitch velocity.

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male adolescent baseball players aged 13 to 14 years.
  • Regular pitchers or players who performed regular pitching duties within an organized baseball training process.
  • Regular participation in baseball training during the assessment period.
  • Ability to complete field-based jumping, sprinting, shoulder flexibility, pitching, and video-based wind-up assessments.
  • Parent or legal guardian consent and participant assent.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Active musculoskeletal injury, relevant pain, or medical restriction limiting participation in jumping, sprinting, or pitching assessments.
  • Ongoing physical rehabilitation at the time of assessment.
  • Medical contraindication for performing physical efforts consistent with regular baseball practice.
  • Insufficient attendance to complete the minimum repeated-measures record required for analysis.
  • Withdrawal of parent/legal guardian consent or participant assent.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

Kohorter og interventioner

Gruppe / kohorte
Intervention / Behandling
Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
Adolescent baseball pitchers who completed repeated field-based assessments of explosive strength, sprint performance, shoulder flexibility, wind-up temporal characteristics, and pitch velocity over approximately five weeks. No intervention or training modification was assigned by the investigators.
Andet: Field-Based Performance Assessment Battery
Participants completed a field-based assessment battery including rotational medicine-ball throw, countermovement jump, 30 m flying sprint, shoulder flexibility assessment, video-based wind-up temporal analysis, and radar-based pitch velocity measurement. These procedures were used only for observational assessment and did not constitute an assigned intervention.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Pitch Velocity
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Pitch velocity was measured in miles per hour using a sports radar during baseball pitches performed with the athlete's usual pitching technique. The best valid attempt was recorded for each assessment session.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Rotational Medicine-Ball Throw Distance
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Distance achieved in a rotational medicine-ball throw, used as a field-based indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Countermovement Jump Height
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Jump height measured during a countermovement jump, used as a field-based indicator of lower-body explosive performance.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
30 m Flying Sprint Time
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Time recorded during a 30 m flying sprint test, used as a field-based indicator of sprint performance.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Shoulder Flexibility
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, recording the distance or overlap between the middle fingers.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 1 Duration
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Duration of the first operational wind-up phase, defined as the time from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, assessed using video analysis.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 2 Duration
Tidsramme: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Duration of the second operational wind-up phase, defined as the time from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target, assessed using video analysis.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Federal University of Vicosa

Efterforskere

  • Studieleder: SAMUEL JOSE GAVIRIA ALZATE, PhD, Tecnológico de Antioquia

Publikationer og nyttige links

Den person, der er ansvarlig for at indtaste oplysninger om undersøgelsen, leverer frivilligt disse publikationer. Disse kan handle om alt relateret til undersøgelsen.

Generelle publikationer

  • Hernández Sampieri R, Mendoza Torres CP. Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
  • Naclerio Ayllón F, Santos Leyva J, Pantoja García D. Relación entre los parámetros de fuerza, potencia y velocidad, en jugadores de softball. Kronos. 2004;3(6):13-20.
  • Cañizares Arteaga R, Peña Malibran JD, Jiménez García R. Estudio del comportamiento de algunas características biomecánicas durante el lanzamiento, en lanzadores de béisbol del equipo de Sancti Spíritus. OLIMPIA. 2020;17:581-592.
  • Pérez Martínez I, Martínez García M, Quintana Díaz A. Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física. 2021;16(3):743-756.

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

21. juli 2022

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

15. september 2022

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

15. september 2022

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

24. april 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

24. april 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

30. april 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

30. april 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

24. april 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. april 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • BASEBALL-PITCH-ANT-OBS-2026

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

Individual participant data will not be shared because the study involved minors and a small sport-specific sample, which may increase the risk of indirect identification. Results will be reported only in aggregate form.

Lægemiddel- og udstyrsoplysninger, undersøgelsesdokumenter

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Kliniske forsøg med Field-Based Performance Assessment Battery

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