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Field-Based Physical and Temporal Correlates of Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers (No acronym)

24 april 2026 uppdaterad av: Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya, Federal University of Vicosa

Relationship Between Explosive Strength, Shoulder Flexibility, Sprint Performance, Wind-Up Temporal Characteristics, and Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers: A Completed Observational Repeated-Measures Study

This completed observational repeated-measures study examined the relationship between field-based physical and temporal measures and pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers. Six adolescent pitchers were assessed repeatedly over five weeks. The assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance, countermovement jump height, 30 m sprint time, shoulder flexibility, temporal characteristics of two operational wind-up phases, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. No experimental intervention or modification of the athletes' usual training was implemented.

Studieöversikt

Status

Avslutad

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljerad beskrivning

Pitch velocity is a relevant performance indicator in baseball pitching, particularly during adolescent development, when physical capacities, technical refinement, and sport-specific skill acquisition occur simultaneously. This completed observational study was designed to explore whether field-based measures of explosive strength, shoulder flexibility, sprint performance, and wind-up temporal organization were associated with pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers.

The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, longitudinal repeated-measures design. Six adolescent baseball pitchers were assessed once per week over approximately five weeks, yielding repeated observations nested within each athlete. The study did not involve an assigned intervention, randomization, treatment allocation, or modification of the athletes' usual training process.

The field-based assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance as an indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance, countermovement jump height as an indicator of lower-body explosive performance, 30 m flying sprint time as an indicator of sprint performance, shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, temporal analysis of two operational phases of the pitching wind-up using video, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. Wind-up phase 1 was operationally defined as the interval from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, whereas wind-up phase 2 was defined as the interval from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target.

The main analytical purpose was to describe the magnitude and direction of the associations between the field-based measures and pitch velocity while accounting for the repeated-measures structure of the data. Analyses were planned using descriptive statistics and association models appropriate for repeated observations within participants, including mixed-effects models or exploratory correlation procedures when required by the sample size.

Studietyp

Observationell

Inskrivning (Faktisk)

6

Kontakter och platser

Det här avsnittet innehåller kontaktuppgifter för dem som genomför studien och information om var denna studie genomförs.

Studieorter

  • Colombia
    • Antioquia
      • Guarne, Antioquia, Colombia, 054080
        • Tecnológico de Antioquia

Deltagandekriterier

Forskare letar efter personer som passar en viss beskrivning, så kallade behörighetskriterier. Några exempel på dessa kriterier är en persons allmänna hälsotillstånd eller tidigare behandlingar.

Urvalskriterier

Åldrar som är berättigade till studier

  • Barn

Tar emot friska volontärer

Ja

Testmetod

Icke-sannolikhetsprov

Studera befolkning

The study population consisted of male adolescent baseball pitchers aged 13 to 14 years from an organized youth baseball training process in Antioquia, Colombia. Participants were healthy athletes involved in regular baseball practice and were assessed using field-based physical, biomechanical, and performance measures related to pitch velocity.

Beskrivning

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male adolescent baseball players aged 13 to 14 years.
  • Regular pitchers or players who performed regular pitching duties within an organized baseball training process.
  • Regular participation in baseball training during the assessment period.
  • Ability to complete field-based jumping, sprinting, shoulder flexibility, pitching, and video-based wind-up assessments.
  • Parent or legal guardian consent and participant assent.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Active musculoskeletal injury, relevant pain, or medical restriction limiting participation in jumping, sprinting, or pitching assessments.
  • Ongoing physical rehabilitation at the time of assessment.
  • Medical contraindication for performing physical efforts consistent with regular baseball practice.
  • Insufficient attendance to complete the minimum repeated-measures record required for analysis.
  • Withdrawal of parent/legal guardian consent or participant assent.

Studieplan

Det här avsnittet ger detaljer om studieplanen, inklusive hur studien är utformad och vad studien mäter.

Hur är studien utformad?

Designdetaljer

Kohorter och interventioner

Grupp / Kohort
Intervention / Behandling
Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
Adolescent baseball pitchers who completed repeated field-based assessments of explosive strength, sprint performance, shoulder flexibility, wind-up temporal characteristics, and pitch velocity over approximately five weeks. No intervention or training modification was assigned by the investigators.
Övrig: Field-Based Performance Assessment Battery
Participants completed a field-based assessment battery including rotational medicine-ball throw, countermovement jump, 30 m flying sprint, shoulder flexibility assessment, video-based wind-up temporal analysis, and radar-based pitch velocity measurement. These procedures were used only for observational assessment and did not constitute an assigned intervention.

Vad mäter studien?

Primära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Pitch Velocity
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Pitch velocity was measured in miles per hour using a sports radar during baseball pitches performed with the athlete's usual pitching technique. The best valid attempt was recorded for each assessment session.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks

Sekundära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Rotational Medicine-Ball Throw Distance
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Distance achieved in a rotational medicine-ball throw, used as a field-based indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Countermovement Jump Height
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Jump height measured during a countermovement jump, used as a field-based indicator of lower-body explosive performance.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
30 m Flying Sprint Time
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Time recorded during a 30 m flying sprint test, used as a field-based indicator of sprint performance.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Shoulder Flexibility
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, recording the distance or overlap between the middle fingers.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 1 Duration
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Duration of the first operational wind-up phase, defined as the time from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, assessed using video analysis.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 2 Duration
Tidsram: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Duration of the second operational wind-up phase, defined as the time from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target, assessed using video analysis.
At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks

Samarbetspartners och utredare

Det är här du hittar personer och organisationer som är involverade i denna studie.

Sponsor

Federal University of Vicosa

Utredare

  • Studierektor: SAMUEL JOSE GAVIRIA ALZATE, PhD, Tecnológico de Antioquia

Publikationer och användbara länkar

Den som ansvarar för att lägga in information om studien tillhandahåller frivilligt dessa publikationer. Dessa kan handla om allt som har med studien att göra.

Allmänna publikationer

  • Hernández Sampieri R, Mendoza Torres CP. Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
  • Naclerio Ayllón F, Santos Leyva J, Pantoja García D. Relación entre los parámetros de fuerza, potencia y velocidad, en jugadores de softball. Kronos. 2004;3(6):13-20.
  • Cañizares Arteaga R, Peña Malibran JD, Jiménez García R. Estudio del comportamiento de algunas características biomecánicas durante el lanzamiento, en lanzadores de béisbol del equipo de Sancti Spíritus. OLIMPIA. 2020;17:581-592.
  • Pérez Martínez I, Martínez García M, Quintana Díaz A. Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física. 2021;16(3):743-756.

Studieavstämningsdatum

Dessa datum spårar framstegen för inlämningar av studieposter och sammanfattande resultat till ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter och rapporterade resultat granskas av National Library of Medicine (NLM) för att säkerställa att de uppfyller specifika kvalitetskontrollstandarder innan de publiceras på den offentliga webbplatsen.

Studera stora datum

Studiestart (Faktisk)

21 juli 2022

Primärt slutförande (Faktisk)

15 september 2022

Avslutad studie (Faktisk)

15 september 2022

Studieregistreringsdatum

Först inskickad

24 april 2026

Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

24 april 2026

Första postat (Faktisk)

30 april 2026

Uppdateringar av studier

Senaste uppdatering publicerad (Faktisk)

30 april 2026

Senaste inskickade uppdateringen som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

24 april 2026

Senast verifierad

1 april 2026

Mer information

Termer relaterade till denna studie

Nyckelord

Andra studie-ID-nummer

  • BASEBALL-PITCH-ANT-OBS-2026

Plan för individuella deltagardata (IPD)

Planerar du att dela individuella deltagardata (IPD)?

NEJ

IPD-planbeskrivning

Individual participant data will not be shared because the study involved minors and a small sport-specific sample, which may increase the risk of indirect identification. Results will be reported only in aggregate form.

Läkemedels- och apparatinformation, studiedokument

Studerar en amerikansk FDA-reglerad läkemedelsprodukt

Nej

Studerar en amerikansk FDA-reglerad produktprodukt

Nej

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