Comparison of Internal Rotation, Local Cold and ShotBlocker on Intramuscular Injection Pain and Comfort
28. maj 2026 opdateret af: Ahmet Altun, MEDICANA
Comparison of Internal Rotation of the Extremity, Local Cold Application and ShotBlocker on Pain and Comfort During Ventrogluteal Intramuscular Cyanocobalamin Injection: A Randomized Counterbalanced Within-Subjects Clinical Trial
This single-centre, randomized, counterbalanced, within-subjects clinical trial compared four techniques for reducing pain and improving comfort during ventrogluteal intramuscular cyanocobalamin injection in adults.
Participants presenting to a family health centre for prescribed vitamin B12 injection each received four injections, one with each technique: standard injection, internal rotation of the extremity, local cold application, and ShotBlocker.
Technique order was assigned using a 4 x 4 Latin-square randomization.
Pain and comfort were measured immediately after each injection using 0-10 participant-reported scales.
Studieoversigt
Status
Afsluttet
Betingelser
Detaljeret beskrivelse
Adults aged 18 years or older who presented to TOKI Family Health Centre in Sivas, Turkey for prescribed cyanocobalamin intramuscular injection were enrolled between July and December 2019.
Each participant received all four ventrogluteal injection techniques across four visits scheduled 24-48 hours apart.
The order of techniques was randomized and counterbalanced using a 4 x 4 Latin-square sequence, with allocation concealed in sealed, opaque, sequentially numbered envelopes.
Blinding of participants and the administering nurse was not feasible because the procedural techniques were visibly distinct, but the outcome assessor who entered and analyzed pain and comfort scores was blinded to sequence assignment until database lock.
All injections were administered by the same experienced registered nurse using cyanocobalamin 1 mg in 1 mL and a 22-gauge, 38-mm needle.
Pain was assessed using a 0-10 Visual Analogue Scale and comfort using a 0-10 numerical comfort scale immediately after each injection.
Undersøgelsestype
Interventionel
Tilmelding (Faktiske)
215
Fase
- Ikke anvendelig
Kontakter og lokationer
Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.
Studiesteder
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-
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Sivas, Tyrkiet (Türkiye)
- TOKI Family Health Centre
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-
Deltagelseskriterier
Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.
Berettigelseskriterier
Aldre berettiget til at studere
- Voksen
- Ældre voksen
Tager imod sunde frivillige
Ingen
Beskrivelse
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- Presented to the family health centre for a prescribed course of cyanocobalamin intramuscular injection.
- Able to read, understand, and respond to study instruments in Turkish.
- Provided written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Contraindication to ventrogluteal intramuscular injection.
- Local skin lesion, inflammation, edema, scarring, or sensory disturbance over either ventrogluteal site.
- Body mass index less than 18.5 or greater than 35 kg/m2.
- Concurrent regular analgesic or anti-inflammatory use.
- Chronic pain condition.
- Clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder under active treatment.
- Pregnancy or lactation.
- Known cold intolerance, cold urticaria, or Raynaud phenomenon.
Studieplan
Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.
Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?
Design detaljer
- Primært formål: Støttende pleje
- Tildeling: Randomiseret
- Interventionel model: Crossover opgave
- Maskning: Enkelt
Våben og indgreb
Deltagergruppe / Arm |
Intervention / Behandling |
|---|---|
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Aktiv komparator: Standard Intramuscular Injection
Ventrogluteal intramuscular injection using standard positioning, skin antisepsis, 90-degree needle insertion, cyanocobalamin 1 mg/1 mL delivered over 5 seconds, and gauze after withdrawal without massage.
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Standard ventrogluteal intramuscular cyanocobalamin injection.
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Eksperimentel: Internal Rotation of the Extremity
Standard ventrogluteal injection with the participant internally rotating the foot of the injection-side leg so the great toe points medially from immediately before needle insertion until needle withdrawal.
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Participant internally rotated the foot of the injection-side leg before and during ventrogluteal injection.
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Eksperimentel: Local Cold Application
A 10 x 10 cm cold gel pack stored at -18 degrees C, wrapped in clean cotton gauze, was applied to the injection site for 3 minutes before skin antisepsis and otherwise standard injection.
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Cold gel pack application to the injection site for 3 minutes before ventrogluteal injection.
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Eksperimentel: ShotBlocker
A U-shaped ShotBlocker device was placed over the injection site with firm contact between the blunt projections and the skin during needle insertion, medication delivery, and withdrawal; the injection was otherwise standard.
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ShotBlocker device applied with firm contact around the injection site during needle insertion, medication delivery, and needle withdrawal.
Andre navne:
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Hvad måler undersøgelsen?
Primære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
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Pain intensity during intramuscular injection
Tidsramme: Immediately after each injection
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Participant-reported pain measured immediately after each injection using a 0-10 Visual Analogue Scale, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates worst imaginable pain.
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Immediately after each injection
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Comfort during intramuscular injection
Tidsramme: Immediately after each injection
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Participant-reported comfort measured immediately after each injection using a 0-10 numerical comfort scale, where 0 indicates extremely uncomfortable and 10 indicates extremely comfortable.
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Immediately after each injection
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Sekundære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
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Pain and comfort by participant characteristics
Tidsramme: Immediately after each injection
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Pain and comfort scores were examined by sex, age group, body mass index category, educational background, and previous intramuscular injection experience.
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Immediately after each injection
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Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere
Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.
Sponsor
Samarbejdspartnere
Efterforskere
- Ledende efterforsker: Tuba Karabey, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University
Datoer for undersøgelser
Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.
Studer store datoer
Studiestart (Faktiske)
9. juli 2019
Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)
31. december 2019
Studieafslutning (Faktiske)
31. december 2019
Datoer for studieregistrering
Først indsendt
28. maj 2026
Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier
28. maj 2026
Først opslået (Faktiske)
3. juni 2026
Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler
Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)
3. juni 2026
Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier
28. maj 2026
Sidst verificeret
1. maj 2026
Mere information
Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse
Nøgleord
Andre undersøgelses-id-numre
- IMPAIN-2019-SIVAS
- 2019-07/02 (Anden identifikator: Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee decision number)
Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)
Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?
INGEN
IPD-planbeskrivelse
The datasets generated and analyzed during the study are not publicly available because the participant consent form did not include explicit permission for open data sharing.
Data may be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and subject to local ethics governance approval.
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