- ICH GCP
- US-Register für klinische Studien
- Klinische Studie NCT00106938
Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Versus Endarterectomy in Asymptomatic Subjects Who Are at Standard Risk for Carotid Endarterectomy With Significant Extracranial Carotid Stenotic Disease (ACT I) (ACT I)
Studienübersicht
Status
Detaillierte Beschreibung
Studientyp
Einschreibung (Tatsächlich)
Phase
- Unzutreffend
Kontakte und Standorte
Studienorte
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Arizona
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Phoenix, Arizona, Vereinigte Staaten, 85054
- Mayo Clinic
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Phoenix, Arizona, Vereinigte Staaten, 85006
- St. Luke's Hospital-Phoenix
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California
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Mountain View, California, Vereinigte Staaten, 94040
- Fogarty Clinical Research Inc./El Camino Hospital
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Newport Beach, California, Vereinigte Staaten, 92663
- Hoag Memorial Hospital
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Orange, California, Vereinigte Staaten, 92868
- St. Joseph Hospital
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San Diego, California, Vereinigte Staaten, 92120
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital-San Diego
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District of Columbia
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Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, Vereinigte Staaten, 20010
- Washington Hospital Center
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Florida
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Miami, Florida, Vereinigte Staaten, 33176
- Baptist Cardiac and Vascular Institute
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Georgia
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Atlanta, Georgia, Vereinigte Staaten, 30309
- Piedmont Hospital
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Gainesville, Georgia, Vereinigte Staaten, 30501
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center
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Hawaii
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Honolulu, Hawaii, Vereinigte Staaten, 96817
- Hawaii Permanente Medical Group - Kaiser
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Illinois
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Chicago, Illinois, Vereinigte Staaten, 60612
- Rush University Medical Center
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Chicago, Illinois, Vereinigte Staaten, 60611
- Northwestern University Memorial Hospital
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Springfield, Illinois, Vereinigte Staaten, 62701
- St. John's Hospital and Memorial Medical Center/ Prairie Heart Cooperative
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Indiana
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Fort Wayne, Indiana, Vereinigte Staaten, 46805
- Parkview Hospital
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Kentucky
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Lexington, Kentucky, Vereinigte Staaten, 40503
- Central Baptist Hospital
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Louisville, Kentucky, Vereinigte Staaten, 40292
- University of Louisville
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Louisiana
-
Lafayette, Louisiana, Vereinigte Staaten, 70506
- Cardiovascular Institute of the South
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New Orleans, Louisiana, Vereinigte Staaten, 70121
- Ochsner Clinic Foundation
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Maryland
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Baltimore, Maryland, Vereinigte Staaten, 21224
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center
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Massachusetts
-
Boston, Massachusetts, Vereinigte Staaten, 02114
- Massachusetts General Hospital
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Michigan
-
Detroit, Michigan, Vereinigte Staaten, 48201
- Harper University Hospital/Detroit Medical Center
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Flint, Michigan, Vereinigte Staaten, 48507
- McLaren Regional Medical Center
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Royal Oak, Michigan, Vereinigte Staaten, 48073
- William Beaumont Hospital
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Missouri
-
Saint Louis, Missouri, Vereinigte Staaten, 63141
- St. John's Mercy Medical Center
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-
New Hampshire
-
Lebanon, New Hampshire, Vereinigte Staaten, 03756
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
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New Jersey
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Camden, New Jersey, Vereinigte Staaten, 08103
- Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center
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New York
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Albany, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 12208
- Albany Medical Center
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Buffalo, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 14209
- Millard Fillmore Hospital
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New York, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 10021
- Lenox Hill Hospital
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New York, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 10016
- NYU Medical Center
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New York, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 10021
- Columbia Presbyterian Hospital
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Rochester, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 14623
- University of Rochester-Strong Memorial Hospital
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Roslyn, New York, Vereinigte Staaten, 11576
- St. Francis Hospital
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North Carolina
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Durham, North Carolina, Vereinigte Staaten, 27609
- Duke University Medical Center
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Raleigh, North Carolina, Vereinigte Staaten, 27610
- Wakemed Health and Hospital
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Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Vereinigte Staaten, 27103
- Forsyth Medical Center
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Ohio
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Cleveland, Ohio, Vereinigte Staaten, 44195
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation
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Columbus, Ohio, Vereinigte Staaten, 43214
- Riverside Methodist Hospital
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Oregon
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Portland, Oregon, Vereinigte Staaten, 97239
- Oregon Health and Science University Stroke Center
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Pennsylvania
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Beaver, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 15009
- Heritage Valley Health System
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Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 17110
- Harrisburg Hospital / Pinnacle Health
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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 19104
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
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Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)
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Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Physicians Division of Vascular Surgery/Shadyside Medical
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Washington, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 15301
- Allegheny General Hospital
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Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten, 19610
- St. Joseph's Medical Center/Berks Cardiologists
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South Carolina
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Columbia, South Carolina, Vereinigte Staaten, 29204
- Providence Hospital-SC
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South Dakota
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Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Vereinigte Staaten, 57108
- North Central Heart Institute
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Tennessee
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Germantown, Tennessee, Vereinigte Staaten, 38138
- The Stern Cardiovascular Center/Methodist Germantown Hospital
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Kingsport, Tennessee, Vereinigte Staaten, 37660
- Wellmont Holston Valley Medical Center
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Knoxville, Tennessee, Vereinigte Staaten, 37934
- Mercy Medical West/Turkey Creek Medical Center
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Texas
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Austin, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten, 78756
- Heart Hospital of Austin
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Austin, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten, 78705
- Westlake Medical Center/Seton Heart Institute
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Dallas, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten, 75231
- Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas
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Dallas, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten, 75216
- Dallas Veteran's Administration Medical Center
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Houston, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten, 77030
- St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital
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Virginia
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Norfolk, Virginia, Vereinigte Staaten, 23507
- Chesapeake General Hospital/Sentara Norfolk General Hospital
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Richmond, Virginia, Vereinigte Staaten, 23226
- St. Mary's Hospital / Virginia Cardiovascular Specilists
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Washington
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Spokane, Washington, Vereinigte Staaten, 99204
- Deaconess Medical Center
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Wisconsin
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Madison, Wisconsin, Vereinigte Staaten, 53792
- University of Wisconsin
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Vereinigte Staaten, 53215
- St. Luke's Medical Center - Milwaukee
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Teilnahmekriterien
Zulassungskriterien
Studienberechtigtes Alter
Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige
Studienberechtigte Geschlechter
Beschreibung
Inclusion Criteria:
- The subject must be > 18 and < 80 years of age.
- Female subjects of child bearing potential must have a documented negative pregnancy test within 30 days prior to the study procedure.
- Subject must be asymptomatic, defined as no stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack [(TIA);(hemispheric or ocular)] within the 180 days prior to the procedure. Subjects who have experienced these neurological symptoms prior to the 180 day pre-procedure window will be eligible for enrollment. An independent study neurologist or independent study neurosurgeon must confirm the subject's neurological status.
- Subjects taking warfarin may be included if their dosage is reduced before the procedure to result in an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 1.5 or less. Warfarin may be restarted after the procedure.
- The subject must sign a written informed consent prior to the procedure, using a form that is approved by the local institutional review board (IRB).
- The subject must agree to return for all required follow-up visits.
- Subject has a discrete lesion located in the internal carotid artery (ICA); the contiguous common carotid artery (CCA) may be involved.
- Carotid stenosis ≥ 70% and ≤ 99% by carotid ultrasound or ≥ 70% and ≤ 99% stenosis (visual estimate) by angiography, without significant (> 60% by ultrasound or angiography) ICA/CCA contralateral stenosis.
Target ICA vessel diameter must be visually estimated to be:
> 2.5 mm and < 7.0 for the Emboshield Pro or for the Emboshield NAV6, > 2.8 mm and < 6.2 for the Emboshield Gen 3 And > 4.0 mm and < 9.0 mm for the Xact stent treatment segment. An untreated contralateral ICA may be used for visual estimation when a highly stenosed lesion makes measurement of the target vessel inaccurate.
- Based on the subject's anatomy, the Investigator should expect to successfully deliver the stent to the target lesion (absence of extreme tortuosity, etc.).
- De novo target lesion that can be treated with a single stent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Each potential subject must be screened to ensure that they do not meet any of the following exclusion criteria. This screening is to be based on known medical history and data available at the time of eligibility determination and enrollment.
- Subject is symptomatic and has had a stroke or exhibited TIA (hemispheric or ocular) within 180 days prior to randomization, which has been confirmed by an independent study neurologist or independent study neurosurgeon.
- Subject is participating in another drug or device trial (IND or IDE) that has not completed the primary endpoint or that may potentially confound the results of this trial. Subject may be enrolled only once in this trial and may not participate in any other clinical trial during a 1-year period post-index procedure.
- Subject has inability to understand and cooperate with study procedures or provide informed consent.
- Subject has had an intracranial hemorrhage or hemorrhagic stroke within 1-year prior the index procedure.
- Subject has dementia or has a neurological illness that may confound the neurological evaluation.
- Subject has had a known untoward reaction to anesthesia or contrast media not able to be overcome by pre-treatment with medications.
- Subject has history of intolerance or allergic reaction to any of the study medications including aspirin, Clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix®) or Ticlopidine (Ticlid®), heparin or Bivalirudin (Angiomax™). Subjects must be able to tolerate a combination of aspirin and Clopidogrel/Ticlopidine.
- Subject has Hemoglobin (Hgb) less than 10 gm/dL, platelet count <100,000/mm3 or >500,000/mm3, or known heparin associated thrombocytopenia.
- Subject has an active bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy, or will refuse blood transfusions.
- Subject has had a GI bleed that would interfere with antiplatelet therapy.
- Subject has known cardiac sources of emboli, including paroxysmal or sustained atrial fibrillation (treated or untreated).
- Subject has had an myocardial infarction (MI) within the previous 30 days.
- Subject has any condition that limits their anticipated survival to less than 3 years.
Subject is a high risk surgical candidate defined as the presence of any one or more of a following medical conditions:
- Two or more proximal diseased coronary arteries of > 70% stenosis that have not or cannot be revascularized or < 30 days since revascularization.
- Ejection fraction < 30% or New York Heart Association (NYHA) heart failure functional class 3 or higher.
- Unstable angina, defined as angina at rest with ECG changes.
- On a list for major organ transplant or is being evaluated for such.
- Known history of respiratory insufficiency, forced expiratory volume (FEV1) < 30% (predicted).
- Chronic renal insufficiency (serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL).
- Uncontrolled diabetes defined as fasting glucose > 400 mg/dL.
- Concurrent requirement for any invasive procedure 30 days pre- or post-procedure.
- Age ≥ 80 years.
Subject may be considered a non-surgical candidate for CEA as a result of one or more anatomic conditions or features which preclude normal surgical access or a high surgical risk because of the presence of any one or more anatomic conditions that present an increased potential for adverse events. These subjects are not eligible for enrollment.
- Subject has had radiation treatment to the neck.
- Subject has had a radical neck dissection.
- Surgically inaccessible lesions (i.e., lesions extending above the level of C2).
- Spinal immobility - inability to flex neck beyond neutral or kyphotic deformity.
- Presence of carotid artery dissection, aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, arteritis or fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) in the target vessel.
- Hemodynamically significant (>60%) stenosis of the right or left common carotid artery (LCCA/RCCA) below the clavicle.
- Presence of tracheostomy stoma.
- Contralateral laryngeal nerve paralysis.
- Previous carotid endarterectomy, extracranial-intracranial or carotid subclavian bypass procedure ipsilateral to the carotid stenosis.
- Severe hypertension (defined as blood pressure > Systolic of 180 mm Hg and/or a diastolic of 110 mm Hg) not adequately controlled by anti-hypertensive therapy at the time of study entry.
- Severe vascular disease including tortuosity and/or occlusive disease that would preclude the safe introduction of a guiding catheter/sheath, cerebral protection device, balloon catheter, stent delivery system or stent placement. Severe tortuosity is defined as 2 or more >90 degree bend points within 3cm of the target stenosis. One of these bends will be considered to be present if the ICA branches from the CCA at a 90 degree angle. This includes aortic arch anatomy that is unacceptable for carotid stent placement.
- Intraluminal filling defect thought to represent thrombus.
- Excessive calcification: defined as fluoroscopic evidence of calcium that extends circumferentially around the target lesion and includes the majority of the atherosclerotic plaque.
- Occlusion (TIMI 0 flow), or string sign of the ipsilateral common or internal carotid artery.
- The target lesion requires treatment with a device other than percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) prior to stent placement.
- Significant (> 60%) stenosis proximal or distal to the target lesion that might require revascularization or impede run off.
- Presence of a previously placed intravascular stent in the ipsilateral carotid distribution.
- Cerebral aneurysm (symptomatic or > 10 mm) or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the cerebral vasculature.
- Bilateral carotid stenosis (ICA/CCA contralateral stenosis > 60% by ultrasound or angiography).
Studienplan
Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?
Designdetails
- Hauptzweck: Sonstiges
- Zuteilung: Zufällig
- Interventionsmodell: Parallele Zuordnung
- Maskierung: Keine (Offenes Etikett)
Waffen und Interventionen
Teilnehmergruppe / Arm |
Intervention / Behandlung |
|---|---|
|
Aktiver Komparator: 1
CAS group: 3:1 ratio of Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) versus Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA). Subjects will be followed at 30 days, six (6), and 12 months post-procedure, and annually for four (4) additional years. |
Carotid artery stenting with filter (interventional)
|
|
Aktiver Komparator: 2
CEA group: 3:1 ratio of Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) versus Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA). Subjects will be followed at 30 days, six (6), and 12 months post-procedure, and annually for four (4) additional years. |
Carotid artery endarterectomy (surgical)
|
Was misst die Studie?
Primäre Ergebnismessungen
Ergebnis Maßnahme |
Zeitfenster |
|---|---|
|
Composite of Death, Stroke (Ipsilateral or Contralateral; Major or Minor) and Myocardial Infarction (DSMI) Through 30 Days Post-procedure, Plus Ipsilateral Stroke 31 to 365 Days.
Zeitfenster: 0 to 365 days
|
0 to 365 days
|
Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen
Ergebnis Maßnahme |
Maßnahmenbeschreibung |
Zeitfenster |
|---|---|---|
|
Acute Device Success: Xact Carotid Stent
Zeitfenster: On day 0 after index procedure
|
Defined as attainment of final residual diameter stenosis of < 50% by Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (if QCA is not available, the visual estimate of diameter stenosis will be used) covering an area no longer than the original lesion with the study stent.
(Routine post-dilatation of the stent may be included in this definition).
Placement of an additional stent to treat a dissection or procedural complication as a bailout will not be considered a device success.
|
On day 0 after index procedure
|
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Acute Device Success: Embolic Protection Device System
Zeitfenster: On day 0 after index procedure
|
Defined as successful deployment and retrieval of the filter in the absence of angiographic distal embolization.
|
On day 0 after index procedure
|
|
Procedural Success
Zeitfenster: 0 to 30 days post procedure
|
Procedural success is defined as the attainment of target lesion final residual diameter stenosis of < 50% by QCA (if QCA is not available, the visual estimate of diameter stenosis will be used) using any procedural method and freedom of Major Adverse Event at 30 days.
|
0 to 30 days post procedure
|
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Composite Morbidity Measure
Zeitfenster: 0 to 30 Days Post-procedure
|
A pre-specified composite Morbidity Measure (CMM) of cranial and peripheral nerve injury, vascular injury, non-cerebral bleeding, wound complications related to the neck incision or femoral puncture site, and other complications (anesthetic) at 30 days post-procedure.
|
0 to 30 Days Post-procedure
|
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Freedom From Clinically Indicated Target Lesion Revascularization(CI-TLR)
Zeitfenster: 0 to 180 days
|
Freedom from CI-TLR was defined as freedom from reintervention for ≥ 50% restenosis in recently symptomatic patients and ≥ 80% restenosis in asymptomatic patients.
|
0 to 180 days
|
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Freedom From Clinically Indicated Target Lesion Revascularization
Zeitfenster: 0 to 365 days
|
Freedom from CITLR was defined as freedom from reintervention for ≥ 50% restenosis in recently symptomatic patients and ≥ 80% restenosis in asymptomatic patients.
|
0 to 365 days
|
|
Freedom From Clinically Indicated Target Lesion Revascularization
Zeitfenster: 0 to 730 days
|
Freedom from CITLR was defined as freedom from reintervention for ≥ 50% restenosis in recently symptomatic patients and ≥ 80% restenosis in asymptomatic patients.
|
0 to 730 days
|
|
Freedom From Clinically Indicated Target Lesion Revascularization
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1095 days
|
Freedom from CITLR was defined as freedom from reintervention for ≥ 50% restenosis in recently symptomatic patients and ≥ 80% restenosis in asymptomatic patients.
|
0 to 1095 days
|
|
Freedom From Clinically Indicated Target Lesion Revascularization
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1460 days
|
Freedom from CITLR was defined as freedom from reintervention for ≥ 50% restenosis in recently symptomatic patients and ≥ 80% restenosis in asymptomatic patients.
|
0 to 1460 days
|
|
Freedom From Clinically Indicated Target Lesion Revascularization
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1825 days
|
Freedom from CITLR was defined as freedom from reintervention for ≥ 50% restenosis in recently symptomatic patients and ≥ 80% restenosis in asymptomatic patients.
|
0 to 1825 days
|
|
Freedom From Ipsilateral Stroke
Zeitfenster: 31 to 365 days
|
Ipsilateral stroke was defined as stroke in the vascular distribution of the study carotid artery.
If a subject experienced a bilateral stroke it was counted as an ipsilateral stroke for analysis purposes.
|
31 to 365 days
|
|
Freedom From Ipsilateral Stroke
Zeitfenster: 31 to 730 days
|
Ipsilateral stroke was defined as stroke in the vascular distribution of the study carotid artery.
If a subject experienced a bilateral stroke it was counted as an ipsilateral stroke for analysis purposes.
|
31 to 730 days
|
|
Freedom From Ipsilateral Stroke
Zeitfenster: 31 to 1095 days
|
Ipsilateral stroke was defined as stroke in the vascular distribution of the study carotid artery.
If a subject experienced a bilateral stroke it was counted as an ipsilateral stroke for analysis purposes.
|
31 to 1095 days
|
|
Freedom From Ipsilateral Stroke
Zeitfenster: 31 to 1460 days
|
Ipsilateral stroke was defined as stroke in the vascular distribution of the study carotid artery.
If a subject experienced a bilateral stroke it was counted as an ipsilateral stroke for analysis purposes.
|
31 to 1460 days
|
|
Freedom From Ipsilateral Stroke
Zeitfenster: 31 to 1825 days
|
Ipsilateral stroke was defined as stroke in the vascular distribution of the study carotid artery.
If a subject experienced a bilateral stroke it was counted as an ipsilateral stroke for analysis purposes.
|
31 to 1825 days
|
|
Freedom From Mortality
Zeitfenster: 0 to 365 days
|
0 to 365 days
|
|
|
Freedom From Mortality
Zeitfenster: 0 to 730 days
|
0 to 730 days
|
|
|
Freedom From Mortality
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1095 days
|
0 to 1095 days
|
|
|
Freedom From Mortality
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1460 days
|
0 to 1460 days
|
|
|
Freedom From Mortality
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1825 days
|
0 to 1825 days
|
|
|
Freedom From All Stroke
Zeitfenster: 0 to 365 days
|
0 to 365 days
|
|
|
Freedom From All Stroke
Zeitfenster: 0 to 730 days
|
0 to 730 days
|
|
|
Freedom From All Stroke
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1095 days
|
0 to 1095 days
|
|
|
Freedom From All Stroke
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1460 days
|
0 to 1460 days
|
|
|
Freedom From All Stroke
Zeitfenster: 0 to 1825 days
|
0 to 1825 days
|
|
|
Death (Non-Hierarchical)
Zeitfenster: ≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
|
|
All Stroke (Non-Hierarchical)
Zeitfenster: ≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
|
|
Myocardial Infarction (MI) (Non-Hierarchical)
Zeitfenster: ≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
|
|
Death, Stroke or Myocardial Infarction (MI) (Hierarchical)
Zeitfenster: ≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
|
|
Death or Stroke (Hierarchical)
Zeitfenster: ≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
|
|
Death or Major Stroke (Hierarchical)
Zeitfenster: ≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
≤ 30 Days Post Index Procedure
|
|
|
Freedom From Death, Stroke and MI Within 30 Days and Ipsilateral Stroke From 31 Days to 5 Years
Zeitfenster: 0 to 5 years
|
0 to 5 years
|
Mitarbeiter und Ermittler
Sponsor
Ermittler
- Hauptermittler: Jon Matsumura, MD, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Publikationen und hilfreiche Links
Allgemeine Veröffentlichungen
- Weinberg I, Beckman JA, Matsumura JS, Rosenfield K, Ansel GM, Chaturvedi S, Gray W, Metzger DC, Riles T, Shu Y, Wechsler L, Jaff MR. Carotid Stent Fractures Are Not Associated With Adverse Events: Results From the ACT-1 Multicenter Randomized Trial (Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Versus Endarterectomy in Asymptomatic Subjects Who Are at Standard Risk for Carotid Endarterectomy With Significant Extracranial Carotid Stenotic Disease). Circulation. 2018 Jan 2;137(1):49-56. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030030. Epub 2017 Oct 5.
- Rosenfield K, Matsumura JS, Chaturvedi S, Riles T, Ansel GM, Metzger DC, Wechsler L, Jaff MR, Gray W; ACT I Investigators. Randomized Trial of Stent versus Surgery for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 17;374(11):1011-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1515706. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
Studienaufzeichnungsdaten
Haupttermine studieren
Studienbeginn
Primärer Abschluss (Tatsächlich)
Studienabschluss (Tatsächlich)
Studienanmeldedaten
Zuerst eingereicht
Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat
Zuerst gepostet (Schätzen)
Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen
Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)
Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt
Zuletzt verifiziert
Mehr Informationen
Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie
Schlüsselwörter
Zusätzliche relevante MeSH-Bedingungen
Andere Studien-ID-Nummern
- AVD-640-0052
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