Blood Tests for Alzheimer's Disease: Can Plasma Biomarkers Diagnose and Predict Disease Progression (BLAD)
16 de julio de 2026 actualizado por: Prof. Massimo Filippi, IRCCS San Raffaele
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Plasma Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease
BLAD is a prospective, monocentric, observational epidemiological study with an additional procedure (annual blood draw) evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic performance of plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a large cohort of patients attending the Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
2000 patients will be enrolled and followed annually for 5 years. A validation sub-study (150 patients) will compare plasma biomarkers against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
The study aims to establish plasma biomarkers as a less invasive and more cost-effective alternative to CSF analysis and amyloid-PET for the diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Reclutamiento
Condiciones
Intervención / Tratamiento
Descripción detallada
In light of the possible advent of disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), reliable biomarkers have been developed in recent years to define the presence of AD pathology at the brain level. The current biological gold standards are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (CSF-Abeta40, CSF-Abeta42, CSF-pTau, CSF-NfL) and amyloid-PET. Both methods have excellent diagnostic properties but are costly and invasive, limiting their use outside of highly specialized centers.
Plasma biomarkers (plasma-Abeta40, plasma-Abeta42, plasma-pTau-181, plasma-NfL, plasma-ApoE, plasma-ApoE4, plasma-GFAP, plasma-sTREM2, and other plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers) represent a potentially less invasive and more economically accessible alternative. Recent studies have shown that plasma biomarkers can differentiate AD from other neurodegenerative disorders with accuracy comparable to CSF and PET, detect AD pathology in MCI patients, and predict future development of AD dementia in patients with SCD or MCI. However, more research is needed before their widespread use in clinical practice.
The BLAD study is designed as a monocentric, prospective, observational epidemiological study with an additional procedure (annual blood draw for 5 years) and a diagnostic accuracy sub-study (not device-based).
Patients will be recruited among those attending the Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital during routine clinical practice. All enrolled patients will undergo annual blood sampling for 5 years in addition to standard clinical assessments.
A sub-population of 150 patients who undergo lumbar puncture as part of their routine diagnostic workup will enter the validation sub-study. Only those whose CSF biomarkers confirm a biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease will continue follow-up; others will exit the sub-study.
The equipment for plasma biomarker measurement (CE-marked medical device) and laboratory kits will be provided on free loan by Fujirebio. No clinical or laboratory data will be shared with Fujirebio.
Statistical analyses will include: log-rank test to compare time to AD development between groups above and below the biomarker threshold; linear stepwise regression models, linear mixed-effects models, and multivariable Cox models to assess the prognostic value of plasma biomarkers; longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test to assess biomarker dynamics over time. For the validation sub-study, ROC curve analysis will be performed to assess accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of plasma biomarkers against CSF gold standard.
Tipo de estudio
De observación
Inscripción (Estimado)
2000
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Esta sección proporciona los datos de contacto de quienes realizan el estudio e información sobre dónde se lleva a cabo este estudio.
Estudio Contacto
- Nombre: Federica Agosta, MD
- Número de teléfono: 0226433051
- Correo electrónico: agosta.federica@hsr.it
Copia de seguridad de contactos de estudio
- Nombre: Giuseppe Magnani, MD
Ubicaciones de estudio
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Milano
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Milan, Milano, Italia, 20132
- Reclutamiento
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele - Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD)
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Contacto:
- Federica Agosta, MD
- Número de teléfono: 0226433051
- Correo electrónico: agosta.federica@hsr.it
-
Contacto:
- Giuseppe Magnani, MD
-
Investigador principal:
- Massimo Filippi, Prof, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Federica Agosta, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Giuseppe Magnani, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Giordano Cecchetti, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Francesca Caso, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Roberto Santangelo, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Gioele Spinelli, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Giulia Rugarli, MD
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Sub-Investigador:
- Federico Coraglia, MD
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Criterios de participación
Los investigadores buscan personas que se ajusten a una determinada descripción, denominada criterio de elegibilidad. Algunos ejemplos de estos criterios son el estado de salud general de una persona o tratamientos previos.
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
- Adulto
- Adulto Mayor
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
No
Método de muestreo
Muestra no probabilística
Población de estudio
Adult patients attending the Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy, presenting with subjective or objective cognitive complaints of progressive and suspected neurodegenerative nature.
Descripción
Inclusion Criteria (main study and sub-study):
- Age greater than or equal to 40 years (patients of childbearing age are admitted).
- Subjective or objective cognitive complaints, progressive in nature and of suspected neurodegenerative origin.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score greater than or equal to 18.
Additional inclusion criterion for the validation sub-study:
- Availability of CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease within 6 months of the blood draw.
Exclusion Criteria (main study):
- Secondary forms of cognitive impairment based on medical history, neurological examination, and neuroimaging findings.
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding.
- Rapidly progressive cognitive decline occurring over weeks or months, typically indicative of prion disease, neoplasia, or metabolic disorders.
- Subjects who require a legal guardian or tutor.
Exclusion Criteria (validation sub-study):
- Secondary forms of cognitive impairment based on medical history, neurological examination, and neuroimaging findings.
- Pregnancy.
- Rapidly progressive cognitive decline occurring over weeks or months, typically indicative of prion disease, neoplasia, or metabolic disorders.
- Subjects who are unable to give informed consent and require a legal guardian or tutor.
Plan de estudios
Esta sección proporciona detalles del plan de estudio, incluido cómo está diseñado el estudio y qué mide el estudio.
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
Cohortes e Intervenciones
Grupo / Cohorte |
Intervención / Tratamiento |
|---|---|
|
Main Study Cohort
2000 adult patients attending the Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital with subjective or objective cognitive complaints of progressive and suspected neurodegenerative nature.
All patients undergo annual blood sampling for 5 years in addition to standard clinical follow-up.
|
A blood sample is collected once per year for 5 years (additional procedure beyond standard clinical care) for measurement of plasma biomarkers including: Abeta40, Abeta42, Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio, pTau-181, NfL, ApoE, ApoE4, GFAP, sTREM2, and other plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers.
Blood draw is a routine clinical procedure with no specific contraindications.
The only possible side effect is local hematoma at the puncture site.
Plasma biomarker measurement is performed using a CE-marked medical device (Fujirebio, provided on free loan).
Results do not modify the patient's standard diagnostic and therapeutic pathway.
|
|
Validation Sub-study Cohort
150 patients from the main cohort who undergo lumbar puncture as part of their routine diagnostic workup and have CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease available within 6 months of blood draw.
Only those with CSF biomarkers confirming a biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease continue longitudinal follow-up in the sub-study.
|
A blood sample is collected once per year for 5 years (additional procedure beyond standard clinical care) for measurement of plasma biomarkers including: Abeta40, Abeta42, Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio, pTau-181, NfL, ApoE, ApoE4, GFAP, sTREM2, and other plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers.
Blood draw is a routine clinical procedure with no specific contraindications.
The only possible side effect is local hematoma at the puncture site.
Plasma biomarker measurement is performed using a CE-marked medical device (Fujirebio, provided on free loan).
Results do not modify the patient's standard diagnostic and therapeutic pathway.
|
¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Time to progression to all-cause dementia in MCI patients (primary prognostic endpoint)
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Time to clinical progression to all-cause dementia in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) at baseline, assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.
For each plasma biomarker, patients are divided into two groups (above/below the median) and compared using the log-rank test (cause-specific hazard).
The study has greater than 95% power to detect a Hazard Ratio of 2 and approximately 75-80% power for HR of 1.5.
|
Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in MMSE score over time
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score as a measure of cognitive progression.
A decrease of 5 or more points is considered clinically significant progression of cognitive impairment due to AD.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Conversion from MCI to Alzheimer's disease dementia
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Rate of clinical conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease dementia over the 5-year follow-up period, assessed at each annual visit.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in the plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma pTau-181 levels
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (pTau-181) levels, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma NfL levels
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma GFAP levels
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) levels, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma sTREM2 levels
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in plasma soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) levels, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma Abeta40 levels
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in plasma beta-amyloid 40 (Abeta40) levels, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
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Longitudinal change in plasma Abeta42 levels
Periodo de tiempo: Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Change over time in plasma beta-amyloid 42 (Abeta42) levels, assessed using longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test.
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Annually from baseline up to 5 years
|
Otras medidas de resultado
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Diagnostic accuracy of plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, using CSF biomarkers (CSF-Abeta40, CSF-Abeta42, CSF-pTau, CSF-NfL) as the gold standard.
Patients are classified as AD or non-AD based on CSF results.
An AUC of at least 0.80 is expected, with greater than 95% power to reject H0: AUC=0.50 at alpha=0.05.
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Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Diagnostic accuracy of plasma pTau-181 vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of plasma pTau-181 in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, using CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Diagnostic accuracy of plasma NfL vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of plasma NfL in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, using CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Diagnostic accuracy of plasma GFAP vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of plasma GFAP in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, using CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
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Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma Abeta40 vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for Abeta40 biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
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Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma Abeta42 vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for Abeta42 biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
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Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma pTau-181 vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for pTau-181 biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma NfL vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for NfL biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma GFAP vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for GFAP biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma sTREM2 vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for sTREM2 biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
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Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma ApoE vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for ApoE biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
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Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Optimal diagnostic cut-off values for plasma ApoE4 vs CSF gold standard (sub-study)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
|
Determination of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values for ApoE4 biomarker using ROC curve analysis against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard.
|
Baseline (at time of lumbar puncture, within 6 months of blood draw)
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Colaboradores e Investigadores
Aquí es donde encontrará personas y organizaciones involucradas en este estudio.
Patrocinador
Investigadores
- Investigador principal: Massimo Filippi, Prof, MD, IRCCS San Raffaele
Fechas de registro del estudio
Estas fechas rastrean el progreso del registro del estudio y los envíos de resultados resumidos a ClinicalTrials.gov. Los registros del estudio y los resultados informados son revisados por la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) para asegurarse de que cumplan con los estándares de control de calidad específicos antes de publicarlos en el sitio web público.
Fechas importantes del estudio
Inicio del estudio (Actual)
12 de septiembre de 2023
Finalización primaria (Estimado)
1 de junio de 2032
Finalización del estudio (Estimado)
1 de junio de 2032
Fechas de registro del estudio
Enviado por primera vez
16 de julio de 2026
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
16 de julio de 2026
Publicado por primera vez (Actual)
21 de julio de 2026
Actualizaciones de registros de estudio
Última actualización publicada (Actual)
21 de julio de 2026
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
16 de julio de 2026
Última verificación
1 de julio de 2026
Más información
Términos relacionados con este estudio
Palabras clave
Términos MeSH relevantes adicionales
Otros números de identificación del estudio
- BLAD
Plan de datos de participantes individuales (IPD)
¿Planea compartir datos de participantes individuales (IPD)?
INDECISO
Información sobre medicamentos y dispositivos, documentos del estudio
Estudia un producto farmacéutico regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
No
Estudia un producto de dispositivo regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
No
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