Caffeinated Gum Use and Volleyball Performance
15 mai 2026 mis à jour par: Gülbin Rudarlı, Ege University
Acute Effects of Caffeinated Gum Use on Volleyball Performance: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
This study examined the acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum on volleyball performance in trained female volleyball players. Caffeine is commonly used by athletes to improve performance, but less is known about whether caffeinated gum is useful during volleyball-specific activity.
Participants completed three testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. In one session, they chewed placebo gum. In another session, they chewed caffeinated gum containing a single 300 mg dose of caffeine. In the third session, they received the same total amount of caffeine as three separate 100 mg doses given at 30-minute intervals.
The study assessed volleyball-specific skill performance, including attack, block, and defense efficiency, during a volleyball-specific skill game. Vertical jump height, heart rate, perceived exertion, side effects, and condition guessing were also recorded.
Aperçu de l'étude
Statut
Complété
Les conditions
Description détaillée
This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated whether the pattern of caffeinated gum administration affects volleyball-specific performance in trained female volleyball players. Participants completed one familiarization session and three experimental sessions separated by one week. The experimental conditions were placebo gum, single-dose caffeinated gum, and partial-dose caffeinated gum.
In the single-dose condition, participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing a total of 300 mg caffeine for 5 minutes. In the partial-dose condition, participants chewed one piece of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine at three different time points, with 30-minute intervals between doses. In the placebo condition, participants chewed caffeine-free gum for 5 minutes.
Each testing session included volleyball-specific activities and a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game. Attack, block, and defense efficiency were assessed using video recordings and Data Volley software. Vertical jump height was measured before and after the volleyball-specific activity. Heart rate was recorded during the session, and rating of perceived exertion was assessed before and after the session. Participants were also asked to report side effects and to guess which condition they had received after each session.
Type d'étude
Interventionnel
Inscription (Réel)
11
Phase
- N'est pas applicable
Contacts et emplacements
Cette section fournit les coordonnées de ceux qui mènent l'étude et des informations sur le lieu où cette étude est menée.
Lieux d'étude
-
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Bornova
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Izmir, Bornova, Turquie (Türkiye), 35040
- Ege University, Faculty of Sport Sciences
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-
Critères de participation
Les chercheurs recherchent des personnes qui correspondent à une certaine description, appelée critères d'éligibilité. Certains exemples de ces critères sont l'état de santé général d'une personne ou des traitements antérieurs.
Critère d'éligibilité
Âges éligibles pour étudier
- Adulte
Accepte les volontaires sains
Oui
La description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Female volleyball players aged 18 to 35 years.
- Apparently healthy.
- Daily caffeine intake ≤300 mg.
- Minimum of 5 years of regular volleyball training experience.
- Training for at least 120 minutes at least 3 days per week.
- Competing in national or international volleyball matches.
- Provided written informed consent before participation.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Serious injury or trauma within the past 6 months that could affect volleyball performance.
- Illness or inability to continue the study protocol during the research period.
- Development of side effects during caffeinated gum administration that prevented continuation.
- Regular alcohol or drug use that could affect the study outcomes.
Plan d'étude
Cette section fournit des détails sur le plan d'étude, y compris la façon dont l'étude est conçue et ce que l'étude mesure.
Comment l'étude est-elle conçue ?
Détails de conception
- Objectif principal: Autre
- Répartition: Randomisé
- Modèle interventionnel: Affectation croisée
- Masquage: Double
Armes et Interventions
Groupe de participants / Bras |
Intervention / Traitement |
|---|---|
|
Expérimental: Placebo, Single-Dose Caffeine, Partial-Dose Caffeine Arm Type: Experimental
Participants received placebo gum in the first session, single-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and partial-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Autres noms:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Autres noms:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Autres noms:
|
|
Expérimental: Placebo, Partial-Dose Caffeine, Single-Dose Caffeine
Participants received placebo gum in the first session, partial-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and single-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Autres noms:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Autres noms:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Autres noms:
|
|
Expérimental: Single-Dose Caffeine, Placebo, Partial-Dose Caffeine
Participants received single-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, placebo gum in the second session, and partial-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Autres noms:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Autres noms:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Autres noms:
|
|
Expérimental: Single-Dose Caffeine, Partial-Dose Caffeine, Placebo
Participants received single-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, partial-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and placebo gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Autres noms:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Autres noms:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Autres noms:
|
|
Expérimental: Partial-Dose Caffeine, Placebo, Single-Dose Caffeine
Participants received partial-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, placebo gum in the second session, and single-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Autres noms:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Autres noms:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Autres noms:
|
|
Expérimental: Partial-Dose Caffeine, Single-Dose Caffeine, Placebo
Participants received partial-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, single-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and placebo gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Autres noms:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Autres noms:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Autres noms:
|
Que mesure l'étude ?
Principaux critères de jugement
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
|
Attack efficiency
Délai: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Attack efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
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During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
|
Block efficiency
Délai: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Block efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
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During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
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Defense efficiency
Délai: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Defense efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
|
During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Mesures de résultats secondaires
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in vertical jump height
Délai: From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Vertical jump height was measured before and after each experimental testing session using a photoelectric cell system.
Values were expressed in centimeters.
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From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
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Heart rate
Délai: Continuously during each experimental trial
|
Heart rate was recorded during each experimental testing session using a telemetric heart rate monitoring system.
Values were expressed as beats per minute.
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Continuously during each experimental trial
|
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Change in rating of perceived exertion
Délai: From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Rating of perceived exertion was assessed before and after each experimental testing session using a 0-10 Borg scale.
|
From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Autres mesures de résultats
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
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Side effects
Délai: Immediately after each experimental trial
|
Participants were asked after each experimental testing session whether they experienced any side effects or discomfort related to the gum intervention.
Reported responses were recorded descriptively.
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Immediately after each experimental trial
|
Collaborateurs et enquêteurs
C'est ici que vous trouverez les personnes et les organisations impliquées dans cette étude.
Parrainer
Dates d'enregistrement des études
Ces dates suivent la progression des dossiers d'étude et des soumissions de résultats sommaires à ClinicalTrials.gov. Les dossiers d'étude et les résultats rapportés sont examinés par la Bibliothèque nationale de médecine (NLM) pour s'assurer qu'ils répondent à des normes de contrôle de qualité spécifiques avant d'être publiés sur le site Web public.
Dates principales de l'étude
Début de l'étude (Réel)
5 août 2025
Achèvement primaire (Réel)
23 avril 2026
Achèvement de l'étude (Réel)
23 avril 2026
Dates d'inscription aux études
Première soumission
11 mai 2026
Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
15 mai 2026
Première publication (Réel)
19 mai 2026
Mises à jour des dossiers d'étude
Dernière mise à jour publiée (Réel)
19 mai 2026
Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
15 mai 2026
Dernière vérification
1 mai 2026
Plus d'information
Termes liés à cette étude
Autres numéros d'identification d'étude
- EGE-25-9.1T-28
Plan pour les données individuelles des participants (IPD)
Prévoyez-vous de partager les données individuelles des participants (DPI) ?
NON
Description du régime IPD
Individual participant data will not be shared because the dataset contains participant-level performance and physiological data from a small group of elite female volleyball players, which may increase the risk of participant identification.
Informations sur les médicaments et les dispositifs, documents d'étude
Étudie un produit pharmaceutique réglementé par la FDA américaine
Non
Étudie un produit d'appareil réglementé par la FDA américaine
Non
Ces informations ont été extraites directement du site Web clinicaltrials.gov sans aucune modification. Si vous avez des demandes de modification, de suppression ou de mise à jour des détails de votre étude, veuillez contacter register@clinicaltrials.gov. Dès qu'un changement est mis en œuvre sur clinicaltrials.gov, il sera également mis à jour automatiquement sur notre site Web .