Caffeinated Gum Use and Volleyball Performance
15. mai 2026 oppdatert av: Gülbin Rudarlı, Ege University
Acute Effects of Caffeinated Gum Use on Volleyball Performance: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
This study examined the acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum on volleyball performance in trained female volleyball players. Caffeine is commonly used by athletes to improve performance, but less is known about whether caffeinated gum is useful during volleyball-specific activity.
Participants completed three testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. In one session, they chewed placebo gum. In another session, they chewed caffeinated gum containing a single 300 mg dose of caffeine. In the third session, they received the same total amount of caffeine as three separate 100 mg doses given at 30-minute intervals.
The study assessed volleyball-specific skill performance, including attack, block, and defense efficiency, during a volleyball-specific skill game. Vertical jump height, heart rate, perceived exertion, side effects, and condition guessing were also recorded.
Studieoversikt
Status
Fullført
Forhold
Intervensjon / Behandling
Detaljert beskrivelse
This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated whether the pattern of caffeinated gum administration affects volleyball-specific performance in trained female volleyball players. Participants completed one familiarization session and three experimental sessions separated by one week. The experimental conditions were placebo gum, single-dose caffeinated gum, and partial-dose caffeinated gum.
In the single-dose condition, participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing a total of 300 mg caffeine for 5 minutes. In the partial-dose condition, participants chewed one piece of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine at three different time points, with 30-minute intervals between doses. In the placebo condition, participants chewed caffeine-free gum for 5 minutes.
Each testing session included volleyball-specific activities and a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game. Attack, block, and defense efficiency were assessed using video recordings and Data Volley software. Vertical jump height was measured before and after the volleyball-specific activity. Heart rate was recorded during the session, and rating of perceived exertion was assessed before and after the session. Participants were also asked to report side effects and to guess which condition they had received after each session.
Studietype
Intervensjonell
Registrering (Faktiske)
11
Fase
- Ikke aktuelt
Kontakter og plasseringer
Denne delen inneholder kontaktinformasjon for de som utfører studien, og informasjon om hvor denne studien blir utført.
Studiesteder
-
-
Bornova
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Izmir, Bornova, Tyrkia (Türkiye), 35040
- Ege University, Faculty of Sport Sciences
-
-
Deltakelseskriterier
Forskere ser etter personer som passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kalt kvalifikasjonskriterier. Noen eksempler på disse kriteriene er en persons generelle helsetilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.
Kvalifikasjonskriterier
Alder som er kvalifisert for studier
- Voksen
Tar imot friske frivillige
Ja
Beskrivelse
Inclusion Criteria:
- Female volleyball players aged 18 to 35 years.
- Apparently healthy.
- Daily caffeine intake ≤300 mg.
- Minimum of 5 years of regular volleyball training experience.
- Training for at least 120 minutes at least 3 days per week.
- Competing in national or international volleyball matches.
- Provided written informed consent before participation.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Serious injury or trauma within the past 6 months that could affect volleyball performance.
- Illness or inability to continue the study protocol during the research period.
- Development of side effects during caffeinated gum administration that prevented continuation.
- Regular alcohol or drug use that could affect the study outcomes.
Studieplan
Denne delen gir detaljer om studieplanen, inkludert hvordan studien er utformet og hva studien måler.
Hvordan er studiet utformet?
Designdetaljer
- Primært formål: Annen
- Tildeling: Randomisert
- Intervensjonsmodell: Crossover-oppdrag
- Masking: Dobbelt
Våpen og intervensjoner
Deltakergruppe / Arm |
Intervensjon / Behandling |
|---|---|
|
Eksperimentell: Placebo, Single-Dose Caffeine, Partial-Dose Caffeine Arm Type: Experimental
Participants received placebo gum in the first session, single-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and partial-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Andre navn:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Andre navn:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Andre navn:
|
|
Eksperimentell: Placebo, Partial-Dose Caffeine, Single-Dose Caffeine
Participants received placebo gum in the first session, partial-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and single-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Andre navn:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Andre navn:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Andre navn:
|
|
Eksperimentell: Single-Dose Caffeine, Placebo, Partial-Dose Caffeine
Participants received single-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, placebo gum in the second session, and partial-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Andre navn:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Andre navn:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Andre navn:
|
|
Eksperimentell: Single-Dose Caffeine, Partial-Dose Caffeine, Placebo
Participants received single-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, partial-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and placebo gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Andre navn:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Andre navn:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Andre navn:
|
|
Eksperimentell: Partial-Dose Caffeine, Placebo, Single-Dose Caffeine
Participants received partial-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, placebo gum in the second session, and single-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Andre navn:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Andre navn:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Andre navn:
|
|
Eksperimentell: Partial-Dose Caffeine, Single-Dose Caffeine, Placebo
Participants received partial-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, single-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and placebo gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Andre navn:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Andre navn:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Andre navn:
|
Hva måler studien?
Primære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
|
Attack efficiency
Tidsramme: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Attack efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
|
During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
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Block efficiency
Tidsramme: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Block efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
|
During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
|
Defense efficiency
Tidsramme: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Defense efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
|
During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Sekundære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in vertical jump height
Tidsramme: From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Vertical jump height was measured before and after each experimental testing session using a photoelectric cell system.
Values were expressed in centimeters.
|
From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
|
Heart rate
Tidsramme: Continuously during each experimental trial
|
Heart rate was recorded during each experimental testing session using a telemetric heart rate monitoring system.
Values were expressed as beats per minute.
|
Continuously during each experimental trial
|
|
Change in rating of perceived exertion
Tidsramme: From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Rating of perceived exertion was assessed before and after each experimental testing session using a 0-10 Borg scale.
|
From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Andre resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
|
Side effects
Tidsramme: Immediately after each experimental trial
|
Participants were asked after each experimental testing session whether they experienced any side effects or discomfort related to the gum intervention.
Reported responses were recorded descriptively.
|
Immediately after each experimental trial
|
Samarbeidspartnere og etterforskere
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Sponsor
Studierekorddatoer
Disse datoene sporer fremdriften for innsending av studieposter og sammendragsresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter og rapporterte resultater gjennomgås av National Library of Medicine (NLM) for å sikre at de oppfyller spesifikke kvalitetskontrollstandarder før de legges ut på det offentlige nettstedet.
Studer hoveddatoer
Studiestart (Faktiske)
5. august 2025
Primær fullføring (Faktiske)
23. april 2026
Studiet fullført (Faktiske)
23. april 2026
Datoer for studieregistrering
Først innsendt
11. mai 2026
Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
15. mai 2026
Først lagt ut (Faktiske)
19. mai 2026
Oppdateringer av studieposter
Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)
19. mai 2026
Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
15. mai 2026
Sist bekreftet
1. mai 2026
Mer informasjon
Begreper knyttet til denne studien
Andre studie-ID-numre
- EGE-25-9.1T-28
Plan for individuelle deltakerdata (IPD)
Planlegger du å dele individuelle deltakerdata (IPD)?
NEI
IPD-planbeskrivelse
Individual participant data will not be shared because the dataset contains participant-level performance and physiological data from a small group of elite female volleyball players, which may increase the risk of participant identification.
Legemiddel- og utstyrsinformasjon, studiedokumenter
Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert medikamentprodukt
Nei
Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert enhetsprodukt
Nei
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