Caffeinated Gum Use and Volleyball Performance
15 de maio de 2026 atualizado por: Gülbin Rudarlı, Ege University
Acute Effects of Caffeinated Gum Use on Volleyball Performance: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
This study examined the acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum on volleyball performance in trained female volleyball players. Caffeine is commonly used by athletes to improve performance, but less is known about whether caffeinated gum is useful during volleyball-specific activity.
Participants completed three testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. In one session, they chewed placebo gum. In another session, they chewed caffeinated gum containing a single 300 mg dose of caffeine. In the third session, they received the same total amount of caffeine as three separate 100 mg doses given at 30-minute intervals.
The study assessed volleyball-specific skill performance, including attack, block, and defense efficiency, during a volleyball-specific skill game. Vertical jump height, heart rate, perceived exertion, side effects, and condition guessing were also recorded.
Visão geral do estudo
Status
Concluído
Condições
Descrição detalhada
This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated whether the pattern of caffeinated gum administration affects volleyball-specific performance in trained female volleyball players. Participants completed one familiarization session and three experimental sessions separated by one week. The experimental conditions were placebo gum, single-dose caffeinated gum, and partial-dose caffeinated gum.
In the single-dose condition, participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing a total of 300 mg caffeine for 5 minutes. In the partial-dose condition, participants chewed one piece of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine at three different time points, with 30-minute intervals between doses. In the placebo condition, participants chewed caffeine-free gum for 5 minutes.
Each testing session included volleyball-specific activities and a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game. Attack, block, and defense efficiency were assessed using video recordings and Data Volley software. Vertical jump height was measured before and after the volleyball-specific activity. Heart rate was recorded during the session, and rating of perceived exertion was assessed before and after the session. Participants were also asked to report side effects and to guess which condition they had received after each session.
Tipo de estudo
Intervencional
Inscrição (Real)
11
Estágio
- Não aplicável
Contactos e Locais
Esta seção fornece os detalhes de contato para aqueles que conduzem o estudo e informações sobre onde este estudo está sendo realizado.
Locais de estudo
-
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Bornova
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Izmir, Bornova, Turquia (Türkiye), 35040
- Ege University, Faculty of Sport Sciences
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Critérios de participação
Os pesquisadores procuram pessoas que se encaixem em uma determinada descrição, chamada de critérios de elegibilidade. Alguns exemplos desses critérios são a condição geral de saúde de uma pessoa ou tratamentos anteriores.
Critérios de elegibilidade
Idades elegíveis para estudo
- Adulto
Aceita Voluntários Saudáveis
Sim
Descrição
Inclusion Criteria:
- Female volleyball players aged 18 to 35 years.
- Apparently healthy.
- Daily caffeine intake ≤300 mg.
- Minimum of 5 years of regular volleyball training experience.
- Training for at least 120 minutes at least 3 days per week.
- Competing in national or international volleyball matches.
- Provided written informed consent before participation.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Serious injury or trauma within the past 6 months that could affect volleyball performance.
- Illness or inability to continue the study protocol during the research period.
- Development of side effects during caffeinated gum administration that prevented continuation.
- Regular alcohol or drug use that could affect the study outcomes.
Plano de estudo
Esta seção fornece detalhes do plano de estudo, incluindo como o estudo é projetado e o que o estudo está medindo.
Como o estudo é projetado?
Detalhes do projeto
- Finalidade Principal: Outro
- Alocação: Randomizado
- Modelo Intervencional: Atribuição cruzada
- Mascaramento: Dobro
Armas e Intervenções
Grupo de Participantes / Braço |
Intervenção / Tratamento |
|---|---|
|
Experimental: Placebo, Single-Dose Caffeine, Partial-Dose Caffeine Arm Type: Experimental
Participants received placebo gum in the first session, single-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and partial-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Outros nomes:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Outros nomes:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Outros nomes:
|
|
Experimental: Placebo, Partial-Dose Caffeine, Single-Dose Caffeine
Participants received placebo gum in the first session, partial-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and single-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Outros nomes:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Outros nomes:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Outros nomes:
|
|
Experimental: Single-Dose Caffeine, Placebo, Partial-Dose Caffeine
Participants received single-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, placebo gum in the second session, and partial-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Outros nomes:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Outros nomes:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Outros nomes:
|
|
Experimental: Single-Dose Caffeine, Partial-Dose Caffeine, Placebo
Participants received single-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, partial-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and placebo gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Outros nomes:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Outros nomes:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Outros nomes:
|
|
Experimental: Partial-Dose Caffeine, Placebo, Single-Dose Caffeine
Participants received partial-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, placebo gum in the second session, and single-dose caffeinated gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Outros nomes:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Outros nomes:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Outros nomes:
|
|
Experimental: Partial-Dose Caffeine, Single-Dose Caffeine, Placebo
Participants received partial-dose caffeinated gum in the first session, single-dose caffeinated gum in the second session, and placebo gum in the third session.
Sessions were separated by one week.
|
Participants chewed three pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
The gum was chewed for 5 minutes and then discarded.
Outros nomes:
Participants received three separate pieces of caffeinated gum containing 100 mg caffeine per piece.
One piece was chewed for 5 minutes at each administration time point, with doses given at 30-minute intervals, providing a total dose of 300 mg caffeine.
Outros nomes:
Participants chewed caffeine-free placebo gum for 5 minutes.
The placebo gum was selected to be similar in shape and color to the caffeinated gum.
Outros nomes:
|
O que o estudo está medindo?
Medidas de resultados primários
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
|---|---|---|
|
Attack efficiency
Prazo: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Attack efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
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During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
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Block efficiency
Prazo: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Block efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
|
During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
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Defense efficiency
Prazo: During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Defense efficiency was assessed during a 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game using video recordings and Data Volley software.
Values were expressed as percentages.
|
During the 30-minute volleyball-specific skill game in each experimental trial
|
Medidas de resultados secundários
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in vertical jump height
Prazo: From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Vertical jump height was measured before and after each experimental testing session using a photoelectric cell system.
Values were expressed in centimeters.
|
From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
|
Heart rate
Prazo: Continuously during each experimental trial
|
Heart rate was recorded during each experimental testing session using a telemetric heart rate monitoring system.
Values were expressed as beats per minute.
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Continuously during each experimental trial
|
|
Change in rating of perceived exertion
Prazo: From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Rating of perceived exertion was assessed before and after each experimental testing session using a 0-10 Borg scale.
|
From immediately before to immediately after each experimental trial
|
Outras medidas de resultado
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
|---|---|---|
|
Side effects
Prazo: Immediately after each experimental trial
|
Participants were asked after each experimental testing session whether they experienced any side effects or discomfort related to the gum intervention.
Reported responses were recorded descriptively.
|
Immediately after each experimental trial
|
Colaboradores e Investigadores
É aqui que você encontrará pessoas e organizações envolvidas com este estudo.
Patrocinador
Datas de registro do estudo
Essas datas acompanham o progresso do registro do estudo e os envios de resumo dos resultados para ClinicalTrials.gov. Os registros do estudo e os resultados relatados são revisados pela National Library of Medicine (NLM) para garantir que atendam aos padrões específicos de controle de qualidade antes de serem publicados no site público.
Datas Principais do Estudo
Início do estudo (Real)
5 de agosto de 2025
Conclusão Primária (Real)
23 de abril de 2026
Conclusão do estudo (Real)
23 de abril de 2026
Datas de inscrição no estudo
Enviado pela primeira vez
11 de maio de 2026
Enviado pela primeira vez que atendeu aos critérios de CQ
15 de maio de 2026
Primeira postagem (Real)
19 de maio de 2026
Atualizações de registro de estudo
Última Atualização Postada (Real)
19 de maio de 2026
Última atualização enviada que atendeu aos critérios de controle de qualidade
15 de maio de 2026
Última verificação
1 de maio de 2026
Mais Informações
Termos relacionados a este estudo
Palavras-chave
Outros números de identificação do estudo
- EGE-25-9.1T-28
Plano para dados de participantes individuais (IPD)
Planeja compartilhar dados de participantes individuais (IPD)?
NÃO
Descrição do plano IPD
Individual participant data will not be shared because the dataset contains participant-level performance and physiological data from a small group of elite female volleyball players, which may increase the risk of participant identification.
Informações sobre medicamentos e dispositivos, documentos de estudo
Estuda um medicamento regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA
Não
Estuda um produto de dispositivo regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA
Não
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