A Comparison of Emergence Agitation by Sevoflurane for Intraoperative Sedation Associated With Caudal Block

After approval Institutional Review Board of our institute, informed consent was obtained from the parents of all pediatric patients. 40 children, aged up to 5 yr, undergoing elective subumbilical surgery were enrolled. Children with development delay, anxiety disorder, or a history of allergy to any study drugs, or severe systemic disease were excluded from this study. By a computer generated schedule, children were randomized to either the low dose (1.0%) end tidal concentration of sevoflurane group (Group LS) or the high dose (2.5%) end tidal concentration of sevoflurane group (Group HS). The patients were sedated with intravenous ketamine 2 mg/kg and midazolam 0.05 mg/kg at waiting room and checked the loss of response to verbal or gentle touch. Then the patients were into the operating room, applied electrocardiography (ECG), pulse oximetry, and noninvasive blood pressure. Respiratory rate and end tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) were monitored via face mask. After baseline vital signs were monitored, the patient was posed in lateral Sims position, and 1 ml/kg lidocaine 1% with 5 μg/ml epinephrine was injected into the caudal space using a 22 G needle under 100% oxygen with each sevoflurane concentration according to group through a face mask. All of these procedures were performed by one skilled anesthesiologist who blinded about the study group. After caudal block was performed, the patients were returned in supine position, and maintained on spontaneous ventilation under 100% oxygen and each sevoflurane concentration according to group via face mask to conduct sedation during operation. If oxygen saturation decreases lesser than 90% due to over sedation or breathe holding caused by procedural pain, ventilation was assisted. If analgesia was insufficient for operation, fentanyl 0.5-1 μg/kg was administrated properly.

In the postanesthetic care unit (PACU), the investigators observed EA episodes at 5 and 30 min after PACU arrival using Four-point agitation scale and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale, and if a total score of PAED scale is higher than 15, which is prescribed a severe agitation, and then propofol 0.5 mg/kg was administered. EA was considered as an Four-point agitation scale > 3 or PAED scale > 10.