Whole grain rye intake, reflected by a biomarker, is associated with favorable blood lipid outcomes in subjects with the metabolic syndrome--a randomized study

Ola Kally Magnusdottir, Rikard Landberg, Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir, Lieselotte Cloetens, Björn Åkesson, Fredrik Rosqvist, Ursula Schwab, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Janne Hukkanen, Markku J Savolainen, Lea Brader, Kjeld Hermansen, Marjukka Kolehmainen, Kaisa Poutanen, Matti Uusitupa, Ulf Risérus, Inga Thorsdottir, Ola Kally Magnusdottir, Rikard Landberg, Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir, Lieselotte Cloetens, Björn Åkesson, Fredrik Rosqvist, Ursula Schwab, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Janne Hukkanen, Markku J Savolainen, Lea Brader, Kjeld Hermansen, Marjukka Kolehmainen, Kaisa Poutanen, Matti Uusitupa, Ulf Risérus, Inga Thorsdottir

Abstract

Background and aim: Few studies have explored the possible plasma cholesterol lowering effects of rye consumption. The aim of this secondary analysis in the SYSDIET study was to investigate the association between plasma alkylresorcinols (AR), a biomarker for whole grain wheat and rye intake, and blood lipid concentrations in a population with metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, we analyzed the associations between the AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio, a suggested marker of the relative intake of whole grain/bran rye, and blood lipid concentrations.

Methods: Participants were 30-65 years of age, with body mass index (BMI) 27-40 kg/m2 and had metabolic syndrome. Individuals were recruited through six centers in the Nordic countries and randomized either to a healthy Nordic diet (ND, n = 93), rich in whole grain rye and wheat, as well as berries, fruits and vegetables, rapeseed oil, three fish meals per week and low-fat dairy products, or a control diet (n = 65) for 18/24 weeks. Associations between total plasma AR concentration and C17:0/C21:0 homologue ratio and blood lipids were investigated in pooled (ND + control group) regression analyses at 18/24 weeks adjusted for baseline value for the dependent variable, age, BMI and statin use.

Results: When adjusted for confounders, total plasma AR at 18/24 weeks was not significantly associated with blood lipids but the AR ratio C17:0/C21:0 was inversely associated with LDL cholesterol concentrations (B (95% CI): -0.41 (-0.80 to -0.02)), log LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio (-0.20 (-0.37 to -0.03)), log non-HDL cholesterol (-0.20 (-0.37 to -0.03)), log apolipoprotein B (-0.12 (-0.24 to 0.00)) and log triglyceride concentrations (-0.35 (-0.59 to -0.12)).

Discussion: Increased proportion of whole grain rye, reflected by a biomarker, in the diet is associated with favorable blood lipid outcomes, a relationship that should be further investigated.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00992641.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The following companies provided food products for the study participants: Kesko Food Ltd, Raisio Group, Bunge Finland Ltd (Finland); Belico Food AB, Fazer Bageri Sverige, Lantmännen, Oatly AB, Olle Svensson AB, Procordia Food AB, Pågen AB, Unilever, Wasabröd AB (Sweden); Lantmännen Food R & D, Jan Import A/S, Ardo A/S, Scandic Food A/S, WASA, Glyngøre Limfjord A/S, Royal Greenland A/S, Arla Foods (Denmark); The Mother Earth Farm at Vallanes (Iceland); and Unilever Nordic (Sweden, Denmark, Iceland). This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Figures

Figure 1. Flow chart of the study.
Figure 1. Flow chart of the study.

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