Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Pain Management: A Systematic Narrative Review

Seoyon Yang, Min Cheol Chang, Seoyon Yang, Min Cheol Chang

Abstract

Recently, clinicians have been using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating various pain conditions. This systematic narrative review aimed to examine the use and efficacy of rTMS for controlling various pain conditions. A PubMed search was conducted for articles that were published until June 7, 2019 and used rTMS for pain alleviation. The key search phrase for identifying potentially relevant articles was (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation AND pain). The following inclusion criteria were applied for article selection: (1) patients with pain, (2) rTMS was applied for pain management, and (3) follow-up evaluations were performed after rTMS stimulation to assess the reduction in pain. Review articles were excluded. Overall, 1,030 potentially relevant articles were identified. After reading the titles and abstracts and assessing eligibility based on the full-text articles, 106 publications were finally included in our analysis. Overall, our findings suggested that rTMS is beneficial for treating neuropathic pain of various origins, such as central pain, pain from peripheral nerve disorders, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Although data on the use of rTMS for orofacial pain, including trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, low back pain, myofascial pain syndrome, pelvic pain, and complex regional pain syndrome, were promising, there was insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy of rTMS for treating these conditions. Therefore, further studies are needed to validate the effects of rTMS on pain relief in these conditions. Overall, this review will help guide clinicians in making informed decisions regarding whether rTMS is an appropriate option for managing various pain conditions.

Keywords: central pain; complex regional pain syndrome; fibromyalgia; headache; musculoskeletal pain; neuropathic pain; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Copyright © 2020 Yang and Chang.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart showing the search results for the study.

References

    1. Gu SY, Chang MC. The effects of 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in chronic stroke patients. Brain Stimul. (2017) 10:270–4. 10.1016/j.brs.2016.10.010
    1. Garland EL. Pain processing in the human nervous system: a selective review of nociceptive and biobehavioral pathyways. Prim Care. (2012) 39:561–71. 10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.013
    1. Lan L, Zhang X, Li X, Rong X, Peng Y. The efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation on migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. J Headache Pain. (2017) 18:86. 10.1186/s10194-017-0792-4
    1. Choi GS, Kwak SG, Lee HD, Chang MC. Effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on chronic central pain after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. J Rehabil Med. (2018) 50:246–52. 10.2340/16501977-2321
    1. Yang S, Chang MC. Chronic pain: structural and functional changes in brain structures and associated negative affective states. Int J Mol Sci. (2019) 20:3130. 10.3390/ijms20133130
    1. Lee DG, Cho YW, Ahn SH, Chang MC. The effect of bipolar pulsed radiofrequency treatment on chronic lumbosacral radicular pain refractory to monopolar pulsed radiofrequency treatment. Pain Physician. (2018) 21:E97–103. 10.36076/ppj.2018.2.E97
    1. Rokyta R, Fricova J. Neurostimulation methods in the treatment of chronic pain. Physiol Res. (2012) 61(Suppl 2):S23–31.
    1. Lefaucheur JP. Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in pain relief. Exp Rev Neurother. (2008) 8:799–808. 10.1586/14737175.8.5.799
    1. Leung A, Donohue M, Xu R, Lee R, Lefaucheur JP, Khedr EM, et al. . rTMS for suppressing neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis. J Pain. (2009) 10:1205–16. 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.010
    1. Pagano RL, Fonoff ET, Dale CS, Ballester G, Teixeira MJ, Britto LR. Motor cortex stimulation inhibits thalamic sensory neurons and enhances activity of PAG neurons: possible pathways for antinociception. Pain. (2012) 153:2359–69. 10.1016/j.pain.2012.08.002
    1. Choi GS, Chang MC. Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on reducing hemiplegic shoulder pain in patients with chronic stoke: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Neurosci. (2018) 128:110–6. 10.1080/00207454.2017.1367682
    1. Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP. Pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of precentral cortex. Neuroreport. (2001) 12:2963–5. 10.1097/00001756-200109170-00041
    1. Rollnik JD, Wustefeld S, Dauper J, Karst M, Fink M, Kossev A, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain - a pilot study. Eur Neurol. (2002) 48:6–10. 10.1159/000064950
    1. Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Menard-Lefaucheur I, Nguyen JP. Neuropathic pain controlled for more than a year by monthly sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiol Clin. (2004) 34:91–5. 10.1016/j.neucli.2004.02.001
    1. Andre-Obadia N, Peyron R, Mertens P, Mauguière F, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacy. Clin Neurophysiol. (2006) 117:1536–44. 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.025
    1. Hirayama A, Saitoh Y, Kishima H, Shimokawa T, Oshino S, Hirata M, et al. . Reduction of intractable deafferentation pain by navigation-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex. Pain. (2006) 122:22–7. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.001
    1. Lefaucheur JP, Hatem S, Nineb A, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Wendling S, Keravel Y, et al. . Somatotopic organization of the analgesic effects of motor cortex rTMS in neuropathic pain. Neurology. (2006) 67:1998–2004. 10.1212/01.wnl.0000247138.85330.88
    1. Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Menard-Lefaucheur I, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP. Motor cortex rTMS in chronic neuropathic pain: pain relief is associated with thermal sensory perception improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. (2008) 79:1044–9. 10.1136/jnnp.2007.135327
    1. Andre-Obadia N, Mertens P, Gueguen A, Peyron R, Garcia-Larrea L. Pain relief by rTMS: differential effect of current flow but no specific action on pain subtypes. Neurology. (2008) 71:833–40. 10.1212/01.wnl.0000325481.61471.f0
    1. Borckardt JJ, Smith AR, Reeves ST, Madan A, Shelley N, Branham R, et al. . A pilot study investigating the effects of fast left prefrontal rTMS on chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Med. (2009) 10:840–9. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00657.x
    1. Sampson SM, Kung S, McAlpine DE, Sandroni P. The use of slow-frequency prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in refractory neuropathic pain. J Ect. (2011) 27:33–7. 10.1097/YCT.0b013e31820c6270
    1. Lefaucheur JP, Ayache SS, Sorel M, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Ciampi de Andrade D, et al. . Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: influence of theta burst stimulation priming. Eur J Pain. (2012) 16:1403–13. 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00150.x
    1. Hosomi K, Shimokawa T, Ikoma K, Nakamura Y, Sugiyama K, Ugawa Y, et al. . Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex for neuropathic pain: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover, sham-controlled trial. Pain. (2013) 154:1065–72. 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.016
    1. Onesti E, Gabriele M, Cambieri C, Ceccanti M, Raccah R, Di Stefano G, et al. . H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain relief in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pain. (2013) 17:1347–56. 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00320.x
    1. Khedr EM, Kotb HI, Mostafa MG, Mohamad MF, Amr SA, Ahmed MA, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropathic pain secondary to malignancy: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pain. (2015) 19:519–27. 10.1002/ejp.576
    1. Attal N, Ayache SS, Ciampi De Andrade D, Mhalla A, Baudic S, Jazat F, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation in neuropathic pain due to radiculopathy: a randomized sham-controlled comparative study. Pain. (2016) 157:1224–31. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000510
    1. Ayache SS, Ahdab R, Chalah MA, Farhat WH, Mylius V, Goujon C, et al. . Analgesic effects of navigated motor cortex rTMS in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain. (2016) 20:1413–22. 10.1002/ejp.864
    1. Nurmikko T, MacIver K, Bresnahan R, Hird E, Nelson A, Sacco P. Motor cortex reorganization and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain-a methodological study. Neuromodulation. (2016) 19:669–78. 10.1111/ner.12444
    1. Pommier B, Creac'h C, Beauvieux V, Nuti C, Vassal F, Peyron R. Robot-guided neuronavigated rTMS as an alternative therapy for central. (neuropathic) pain: clinical experience and long-term follow-up. Eur J Pain. (2016) 20:907–16. 10.1002/ejp.815
    1. Shimizu T, Hosomi K, Maruo T, Goto Y, Yokoe M, Kageyama Y, et al. . Efficacy of deep rTMS for neuropathic pain in the lower limb: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial of an H-coil and figure-8 coil. J Neurosurg. (2017) 127:1172–80. 10.3171/2016.9.JNS16815
    1. Andre-Obadia N, Magnin M, Simon E, Garcia-Larrea L. Somatotopic effects of rTMS in neuropathic pain? A comparison between stimulation over hand and face motor areas. Eur J Pain. (2018) 22:707–15. 10.1002/ejp.1156
    1. Hodaj H, Payen JF, Lefaucheur JP. Therapeutic impact of motor cortex rTMS in patients with chronic neuropathic pain even in the absence of an analgesic response. A case report. Neurophysiol Clin. (2018) 48:303–8. 10.1016/j.neucli.2018.05.039
    1. Lawson McLean A, Frank S, Zafar N, Waschke A, Kalff R, Reichart R. Time course of the response to navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 10 Hz in chronic neuropathic pain. Neurol Res. (2018) 40:564–72. 10.1080/01616412.2018.1453636
    1. Migita K, Uozumi T, Arita K, Monden S. Transcranial magnetic coil stimulation of motor cortex in patients with central pain. Neurosurgery. (1995) 36:1037–9; discussion 9–40. 10.1097/00006123-199505000-00025
    1. Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Nguyen JP. Interventional neurophysiology for pain control: duration of pain relief following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiol Clin. (2001) 31:247–52. 10.1016/S0987-7053(01)00260-X
    1. Khedr EM, Kotb H, Kamel NF, Ahmed MA, Sadek R, Rothwell JC. Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. (2005) 76:833–8. 10.1136/jnnp.2004.055806
    1. Saitoh Y, Hirayama A, Kishima H, Shimokawa T, Oshino S, Hirata M, et al. . Reduction of intractable deafferentation pain due to spinal cord or peripheral lesion by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex. J Neurosurg. (2007) 107:555–9. 10.3171/JNS-07/09/0555
    1. Ohn SH, Chang WH, Park CH, Kim ST, Lee JI, Pascual-Leone A, et al. . Neural correlates of the antinociceptive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on central pain after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. (2012) 26:344–52. 10.1177/1545968311423110
    1. Matsumura Y, Hirayama T, Yamamoto T. Comparison between pharmacologic evaluation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced analgesia in poststroke pain patients. Neuromodulation. (2013) 16:349–54; discussion 54. 10.1111/ner.12019
    1. Hasan M, Whiteley J, Bresnahan R, MacIver K, Sacco P, Das K, et al. . Somatosensory change and pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with central poststroke pain. Neuromodulation. (2014) 17:731–6; discussion 6. 10.1111/ner.12198
    1. de Oliveira RA, de Andrade DC, Mendonca M, Barros R, Luvisoto T, Myczkowski ML, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left premotor/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not have analgesic effect on central poststroke pain. J Pain. (2014) 15:1271–81. 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.009
    1. Kobayashi M, Fujimaki T, Mihara B, Ohira T. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation once a week induces sustainable long-term relief of central poststroke pain. Neuromodulation. (2015) 18:249–54. 10.1111/ner.12301
    1. Lin H, Li W, Ni J, Wang Y. Clinical study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex for thalamic pain. Medicine. (2018) 97:e11235. 10.1097/MD.0000000000011235
    1. Defrin R, Grunhaus L, Zamir D, Zeilig G. The effect of a series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations of the motor cortex on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. (2007) 88:1574–80. 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.07.025
    1. Kang BS, Shin HI, Bang MS. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the hand motor cortical area on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. (2009) 90:1766–71. 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.04.008
    1. Jette F, Cote I, Meziane HB, Mercier C. Effect of single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the hand versus leg motor area on pain after spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. (2013) 27:636–43. 10.1177/1545968313484810
    1. Yilmaz B, Kesikburun S, Yasar E, Tan AK. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on refractory neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. (2014) 37:397–400. 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000172
    1. Nardone R, Holler Y, Langthaler PB, Lochner P, Golaszewski S, Schwenker K, et al. . rTMS of the prefrontal cortex has analgesic effects on neuropathic pain in subjects with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. (2017) 55:20–5. 10.1038/sc.2016.87
    1. Quesada C, Pommier B, Fauchon C, Bradley C, Créac'h C, Vassal F, et al. . Robot-guided neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. (rTMS) in Central neuropathic pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. (2018) 99:2203–15.e1. 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.013
    1. Galhardoni R, Aparecida da Silva V, Garcia-Larrea L, Dale C, Baptista AF, Barbosa LM, et al. . Insular and anterior cingulate cortex deep stimulation for central neuropathic pain: disassembling the percept of pain. Neurology. (2019) 92:e2165–75. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007396
    1. Sampson SM, Rome JD, Rummans TA. Slow-frequency rTMS reduces fibromyalgia pain. Pain Med. (2006) 7:115–8. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00106.x
    1. Passard A, Attal N, Benadhira R, Brasseur L, Saba G, Sichere P, et al. . Effects of unilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex on chronic widespread pain in fibromyalgia. Brain. (2007) 130:2661–70. 10.1093/brain/awm189
    1. Carretero B, Martin MJ, Juan A, Pradana ML, Martín B, Carral M, et al. . Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with fibromyalgia and major depression. Pain Med. (2009) 10:748–53. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00625.x
    1. Mhalla A, Baudic S, Ciampi de Andrade D, Gautron M, Perrot S, Teixeira MJ, et al. . Long-term maintenance of the analgesic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in fibromyalgia. Pain. (2011) 152:1478–85. 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.034
    1. Short EB, Borckardt JJ, Anderson BS, Frohman H, Beam W, Reeves ST, et al. . Ten sessions of adjunctive left prefrontal rTMS significantly reduces fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pain. (2011) 152:2477–84. 10.1016/j.pain.2011.05.033
    1. Lee SJ, Kim DY, Chun MH, Kim YG. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on fibromyalgia: a randomized sham-controlled trial with 1-mo follow-up. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. (2012) 91:1077–85. 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182745a04
    1. Maestu C, Blanco M, Nevado A, Romero J, Rodríguez-Rubio P, Galindo J, et al. . Reduction of pain thresholds in fibromyalgia after very low-intensity magnetic stimulation: a double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain Res Manag. (2013) 18:e101–6. 10.1155/2013/270183
    1. Tzabazis A, Aparici CM, Rowbotham MC, Schneider MB, Etkin A, Yeomans DC. Shaped magnetic field pulses by multi-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. (rTMS) differentially modulate anterior cingulate cortex responses and pain in volunteers and fibromyalgia patients. Mol Pain. (2013) 9:33. 10.1186/1744-8069-9-33
    1. Avery DH, Zarkowski P, Krashin D, Rho WK, Wajdik C, Joesch JM, et al. . Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic widespread pain: a randomized controlled study. J Ect. (2015) 31:57–66. 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000125
    1. Altas EU, Askin A, Besiroglu L, Tosun A. Is high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left primary motor cortex superior to the stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in fibromyalgia syndrome? Somatosens Mot Res. (2019) 36:56–62. 10.1080/08990220.2019.1587400
    1. Cheng CM, Wang SJ, Su TP, Chen MH, Hsieh JC, Ho ST, et al. . Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on modified 2010 criteria-diagnosed fibromyalgia: Pilot study. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci. (2019) 73:187–93. 10.1111/pcn.12812
    1. Abd Elghany SE, Al Ashkar DS, El-Barbary AM, El Khouly RM, Aboelhawa MA, Nada DW, et al. . Regenerative injection therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in primary fibromyalgia treatment: A comparative study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. (2019) 32:55–62. 10.3233/BMR-181127
    1. Brighina F, Piazza A, Vitello G, Aloisio A, Palermo A, Daniele O, et al. . rTMS of the prefrontal cortex in the treatment of chronic migraine: a pilot study. J Neurol Sci. (2004) 227:67–71. 10.1016/j.jns.2004.08.008
    1. Clarke BM, Upton AR, Kamath MV, Al-Harbi T, Castellanos CM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for migraine: clinical effects. J Headache Pain. (2006) 7:341–6. 10.1007/s10194-006-0329-8
    1. O'Reardon JP, Fontecha JF, Cristancho MA, Newman S. Unexpected reduction in migraine and psychogenic headaches following rTMS treatment for major depression: a report of two cases. CNS Spectr. (2007) 12:921–5. 10.1017/S1092852900015716
    1. Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Saper JR, Aurora SK, Pearlman SH, et al. . Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation for acute treatment of migraine with aura: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. (2010) 9:373–80. 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70054-5
    1. Teepker M, Hotzel J, Timmesfeld N, Reis J, Mylius V, Haag A, et al. . Low-frequency rTMS of the vertex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. (2010) 30:137–44. 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01911.x
    1. Misra UK, Kalita J, Bhoi SK. High-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Neurol. (2013) 260:2793–801. 10.1007/s00415-013-7072-2
    1. Misra UK, Kalita J, Tripathi GM, Bhoi SK. Is beta endorphin related to migraine headache and its relief? Cephalalgia. (2013) 33:316–22. 10.1177/0333102412473372
    1. Conforto AB, Amaro E, Jr, Goncalves AL, Mercante JP, Guendler VZ, Ferreira JR, et al. . Randomized, proof-of-principle clinical trial of active transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. (2014) 34:464–72. 10.1177/0333102413515340
    1. Bhola R, Kinsella E, Giffin N, Lipscombe S, Ahmed F, Weatherall M, et al. . Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. (sTMS) for the acute treatment of migraine: evaluation of outcome data for the UK post market pilot program. J Headache Pain. (2015) 16:535. 10.1186/s10194-015-0535-3
    1. Hodaj H, Alibeu JP, Payen JF, Lefaucheur JP. Treatment of chronic facial pain including cluster headache by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex with maintenance sessions: a naturalistic study. Brain Stimul. (2015) 8:801–7. 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.416
    1. Leung A, Fallah A, Shukla S, Lin L, Tsia A, Song D, et al. . rTMS in alleviating mild TBI related headaches–a case series. Pain Physician. (2016) 19:E347–54.
    1. Leung A, Shukla S, Fallah A, Song D, Lin L, Golshan S, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in managing mild traumatic brain injury-related headaches. Neuromodulation. (2016) 19:133–41. 10.1111/ner.12364
    1. Rapinesi C, Del Casale A, Scatena P, Kotzalidis GD, Di Pietro S, Ferri VR, et al. . Add-on deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. (dTMS) for the treatment of chronic migraine: a preliminary study. Neurosci Lett. (2016) 623:7–12. 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.058
    1. Shehata HS, Esmail EH, Abdelalim A, El-Jaafary S, Elmazny A, Sabbah A, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus botulinum toxin injection in chronic migraine prophylaxis: a pilot randomized trial. J Pain Res. (2016) 9:771–7. 10.2147/JPR.S116671
    1. Zardouz S, Shi L, Leung A. A feasible repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation clinical protocol in migraine prevention. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. (2016) 4:2050313x16675257. 10.1177/2050313X16675257
    1. Misra UK, Kalita J, Tripathi G, Bhoi SK. Role of beta endorphin in pain relief following high rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine. Brain Stimul. (2017) 10:618–23. 10.1016/j.brs.2017.02.006
    1. Leung A, Metzger-Smith V, He Y, Cordero J, Ehlert B, Song D, et al. . Left Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS in alleviating MTBI related headaches and depressive symptoms. Neuromodulation. (2018) 21:390–401. 10.1111/ner.12615
    1. Sahu AK, Sinha VK, Goyal N. Effect of adjunctive intermittent theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a prophylactic treatment in migraine patients: a double-blind sham-controlled study. Indian J Psychiatr. (2019) 61:139–45. 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_472_18
    1. Reid P, Pridmore S. Improvement in chronic pain with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. (2001) 35:252. 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.0884e.x
    1. Zaghi S, DaSilva AF, Acar M, Lopes M, Fregni F. One-year rTMS treatment for refractory trigeminal neuralgia. J Pain Symptom Manage. (2009) 38:e1–5. 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.04.020
    1. Fricova J, Klirova M, Masopust V, Novak T, Verebova K, Rokyta R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic orofacial pain. Physiol Res. (2013) 62(Suppl 1):S125–34.
    1. Lindholm P, Lamusuo S, Taiminen T, Pesonen U, Lahti A, Virtanen A, et al. . Right secondary somatosensory cortex-a promising novel target for the treatment of drug-resistant neuropathic orofacial pain with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Pain. (2015) 156:1276–83. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000175
    1. Umezaki Y, Badran BW, Gonzales TS, George MS. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for medication-resistant burning mouth syndrome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (2015) 44:1048–51. 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.04.008
    1. Umezaki Y, Badran BW, DeVries WH, Moss J, Gonzales T, George MS. The efficacy of daily prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. (rTMS) for burning mouth syndrome. (BMS): a randomized controlled single-blind study. Brain Stimul. (2016) 9:234–42. 10.1016/j.brs.2015.10.005
    1. Henssen DJHA, Hoefsloot W, Groenen PSM, Van Cappellen van Walsum AM, Kurt E, Kozicz T, et al. . Bilateral vs. unilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to treat neuropathic orofacial pain: a pilot study. Brain Stimul. (2019) 12:803–5. 10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.001
    1. Topper R, Foltys H, Meister IG, Sparing R, Boroojerdi B. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex transiently ameliorates phantom limb pain-like syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. (2003) 114:1521–30. 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00117-2
    1. Ahmed MA, Mohamed SA, Sayed D. Long-term antalgic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and serum beta-endorphin in patients with phantom pain. Neurol Res. (2011) 33:953–8. 10.1179/1743132811Y.0000000045
    1. Di Rollo A, Pallanti S. Phantom limb pain: low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in unaffected hemisphere. Case Rep Med. (2011) 2011:130751. 10.1155/2011/130751
    1. Grammer GG, Williams-Joseph S, Cesar A, Adkinson DK, Spevak C. Significant reduction in phantom limb pain after low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary sensory cortex. Mil Med. (2015) 180:e126–8. 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00236
    1. Lee JH, Byun JH, Choe YR, Lim SK, Lee KY, Choi IS. Successful treatment of phantom limb pain by 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over affected supplementary motor complex: a case report. Ann Rehabil Med. (2015) 39:630–3. 10.5535/arm.2015.39.4.630
    1. Malavera A, Silva FA, Fregni F, Carrillo S, Garcia RG. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for phantom limb pain in land mine victims: a double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Pain. (2016) 17:911–8. 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.05.003
    1. Scibilia A, Conti A, Raffa G, Granata F, Abbritti RV, Priola SM, et al. . Resting-state fMR evidence of network reorganization induced by navigated transcranial magnetic repetitive stimulation in phantom limb pain. Neurol Res. (2018) 40:241–8. 10.1080/01616412.2018.1429203
    1. Park EJ, Lee SJ, Koh DY, Han YM. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to treat depression and insomnia with chronic low back pain. Korean J Pain. (2014) 27:285–9. 10.3344/kjp.2014.27.3.285
    1. Ambriz-Tututi M, Alvarado-Reynoso B, Drucker-Colin R. Analgesic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. (rTMS) in patients with chronic low back pain. Bioelectromagnetics. (2016) 37:527–35. 10.1002/bem.22001
    1. Yates E, Balu G. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: a promising drug-free treatment modality in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Del Med J. (2016) 88:90–2.
    1. Dall'Agnol L, Medeiros LF, Torres IL, Deitos A1, Brietzke A, Laste G, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the corticospinal inhibition and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in chronic myofascial pain syndrome: an explanatory double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Pain. (2014) 15:845–55. 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.05.001
    1. Medeiros LF, Caumo W, Dussan-Sarria J, Deitos A, Brietzke A, Laste G, et al. . Effect of deep intramuscular stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurophysiological biomarkers in chronic myofascial pain syndrome. Pain Med. (2016) 17:122–35. 10.1111/pme.12919
    1. Cervigni M, Onesti E, Ceccanti M, Gori MC, Tartaglia G, Campagna G, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn. (2018) 37:2678–87. 10.1002/nau.23718
    1. Nizard J, Esnault J, Bouche B, Suarez Moreno A, Lefaucheur JP, Nguyen JP. Long-term relief of painful bladder syndrome by high-intensity, low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Front Neurosci. (2018) 12:925. 10.3389/fnins.2018.00925
    1. Pinot-Monange A, Moisset X, Chauvet P, Gremeau AS, Comptour A, Canis M, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy. (rTMS) for endometriosis patients with refractory pelvic chronic pain: a pilot study. J Clin Med. (2019) 8:508. 10.3390/jcm8040508
    1. Pleger B, Janssen F, Schwenkreis P, Volker B, Maier C, Tegenthoff M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex attenuates pain perception in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Neurosci Lett. (2004) 356:87–90. 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.037
    1. Picarelli H, Teixeira MJ, de Andrade DC, Myczkowski ML, Luvisotto TB, Yeng LT, et al. . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is efficacious as an add-on to pharmacological therapy in complex regional pain syndrome. (CRPS) type I. J Pain. (2010) 11:1203–10. 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.006
    1. Gaertner M, Kong JT, Scherrer KH, Foote A, Mackey S, Johnson KA. Advancing transcranial magnetic stimulation methods for complex regional pain syndrome: an open-label study of paired theta burst and high-frequency stimulation. Neuromodulation. (2018) 21:409–16. 10.1111/ner.12760
    1. Borckardt JJ, Weinstein M, Reeves ST, Kozel FA, Nahas Z, Smith AR, et al. . Postoperative left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces patient-controlled analgesia use. Anesthesiology. (2006) 105:557–62. 10.1097/00000542-200609000-00020
    1. Borckardt JJ, Reeves ST, Weinstein M, Smith AR, Shelley N, Kozel FA, et al. . Significant analgesic effects of one session of postoperative left prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a replication study. Brain Stimul. (2008) 1:122–7. 10.1016/j.brs.2008.04.002
    1. Fregni F, Potvin K, Dasilva D, Wang X, Lenkinski RE, Freedman SD, et al. . Clinical effects and brain metabolic correlates in non-invasive cortical neuromodulation for visceral pain. Eur J Pain. (2011) 15:53–60. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.08.002
    1. Bertolucci F, Fanciullacci C, Rossi B, Chisari C. rTMS in the management of allodynia from brachial plexus injuries. Brain Stimul. (2013) 6:218–9. 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.016
    1. Borckardt JJ, Reeves ST, Kotlowski P, Abernathy JH, Field LC, Dong L, et al. . Fast left prefrontal rTMS reduces post-gastric bypass surgery pain: findings from a large-scale, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. Brain Stimul. (2014) 7:42–8. 10.1016/j.brs.2013.07.007
    1. Qiu YQ, Hua XY, Zuo CT, Li T, Zheng MX, Shen YD, et al. . Deactivation of distant pain-related regions induced by 20-day rTMS: a case study of one-week pain relief for long-term intractable deafferentation pain. Pain Physician. (2014) 17:E99–105.
    1. Ma SM, Ni JX, Li XY, Yang LQ, Guo YN, Tang YZ. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces pain in postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. (2015) 16:2162–70. 10.1111/pme.12832
    1. Singh SM, Prakash V, Choudhary S, Avasthi A. The effectiveness of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in persistent somatoform pain disorder: a case series. Cureus. (2018) 10:e2729. 10.7759/cureus.2729
    1. Nguyen JP, Dixneuf V, Esnaut J, Moreno AS, Malineau C, Nizard J, et al. . The value of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex to treat central pain sensitization associated with knee osteoarthritis. Front Neurosci. (2019) 13:388. 10.3389/fnins.2019.00388
    1. Jin Y, Xing G, Li G, Wang A, Feng S, Tang Q, et al. . High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for chronic neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis. Pain Physician. (2015) 18:E1029–46.
    1. Navarro X, Vivo M, Valero-Cabre A. Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol. (2007) 82:163–201. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.005
    1. Goto T, Saitoh Y, Hashimoto N, Hirata M, Kishima H, Oshino S, et al. . Diffusion tensor fiber tracking in patients with central post-stroke pain; correlation with efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Pain. (2008) 140:509–18. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.10.009
    1. Vartiainen N, Perchet C, Magnin M, Creach C, Convers P, Nighoghossian N, et al. . Thalamic pain: anatomical and physiological indices of prediction. Brain. (2016) 139:708–22. 10.1093/brain/awv389
    1. Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. (2003) 103:249–57. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00452-9
    1. Siddall PJ. Management of neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: now and in the future. Spinal Cord. (2009) 47:352–9. 10.1038/sc.2008.136
    1. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, et al. . The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res. (2010) 62:600–10. 10.1002/acr.20140
    1. Howard L, Dumkrieger G, Chong CD, Ross K, Berisha V, Schwedt TJ. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction among those with persistent posttraumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison to migraine and healthy controls. Headache. (2018) 58:1397–407. 10.1111/head.13396
    1. Merrill RL, Goodman D. Chronic orofacial pain and behavioral medicine. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. (2016) 28:247–60. 10.1016/j.coms.2016.03.007
    1. Borg-Stein J, Iaccarino MA. Myofascial pain syndrome treatments. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. (2014) 25:357–74. 10.1016/j.pmr.2014.01.012
    1. Alviar MJ, Hale T, Dungca M. Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2016) 10:Cd006380. 10.1002/14651858.CD006380.pub3
    1. Deliagina TG, Orlovsky GN, Zelenin PV, Beloozerova IN. Neural bases of postural control. Physiology. (2006) 21:216–25. 10.1152/physiol.00001.2006
    1. Smania N, Corato E, Fiaschi A, Pietropoli P, Aglioti SM, Tinazzi M. Repetitive magnetic stimulation: a novel therapeutic approach for myofascial pain syndrome. J Neurol. (2005) 252:307–14. 10.1007/s00415-005-0642-1
    1. Hanno PM, Burks DA, Clemens JQ, Dmochowski RR, Erickson D, Fitzgerald MP, et al. . AUA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol. (2011) 185:2162–70. 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.064
    1. Harden RN, Oaklander AL, Burton AW, Perez RS, Richardson K, Swan M, et al. . Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition. Pain Med. (2013) 14:180–229. 10.1111/pme.12033
    1. Giamberardino MA. Recent and forgotten aspects of visceral pain. Eur J Pain. (1999) 3:77–92. 10.1053/eujp.1999.0117
    1. Bass C, Peveler R, House A. Somatoform disorders: severe psychiatric illnesses neglected by psychiatrists. Br J Psychiatr. (2001) 179:11–4. 10.1192/bjp.179.1.11

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する