Study of various social and demographic variables associated with primary headache disorders in 500 school-going children of central India

Sudhir Mehta, Sudhir Mehta

Abstract

Objectives: This study was performed to know the prevalence of primary headache disorders in school going children of central India and to elucidate the effects of various sociodemographic variables like personality or behavior traits, hobbies like TV watching, school life or study pressure in form of school tests, family history of headache, age, sex, body habitus etc., on prevalence of primary headaches in school going children of central India.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional school-based study was performed on 500 school children (aged 7-14 years) for the duration of 1 year. Potential triggering and aggravating demographic and social variables were investigated based on a diagnosis of International Classification of Headache Disorder-II headache.

Results: The prevalence of recurrent headache was found to be 25.5% in Indore. Of the studied population, 15.5% had migraine, 5% had tension-type headache migraine, and 5% had mixed-type headache symptoms suggesting both of above. Overall headaches were found to be more common among girls, but tension-type was more common in boys. Using regression analysis, we found that sensitive personality traits (especially vulnerable children), increasing age, female gender and family history of headache had a statistically significant effect on headaches in children. In addition, mathematic or science test dates and post weekend days in school were found to increase the occurrence of headache in school-going children. Hobbies were found to have a significant effects on headaches.

Conclusion: As a common healthcare problem, headache is prevalent among school children. Various sociodemographic factors are known to trigger or aggravate primary headache disorders of school children. Lifestyle-coping strategies are essential for school children.

Keywords: Migraine; schoolchildren; tension-type headache.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

References

    1. Raieli V, Raimondo D, Cammalleri R, Camarda R. Migraine headaches in adolescents: A student population-based study in Monreale. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:5–12.
    1. Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, et al. Pain in children and adolescents: A common experience. Pain. 2000;87:51–8.
    1. Goadsby PJ, Raskin NH. Headache. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2008. pp. 95–107.
    1. Monteith TS, Sprenger T. Tension type headache in adolescence and childhood: Where are we now? Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14:424–30.
    1. Zencir M, Ergin H, Sahiner T, Kiliç I, Alkis E, Ozdel L, et al. Epidemiology and symptomatology of migraine among school children: Denizli urban area in Turkey. Headache. 2004;44:780–5.
    1. Stovner Lj, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Lipton R, Scher A, et al. The global burden of headache: A documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:193–210.
    1. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Reed M. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: Data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41:646–57.
    1. Lewis DW. Headaches in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:625–32.
    1. Kim BK, Chu MK, Lee TG, Kim JM, Chung CS, Lee KS. Prevalence and impact of migraine and tension-type headache in Korea. J Clin Neurol. 2012;8:204–11.
    1. Alp R, Alp SI, Palanci Y, Sur H, Boru UT, Ozge A, et al. Use of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition, criteria in the diagnosis of primary headache in schoolchildren: Epidemiology study from eastern Turkey. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:868–77.
    1. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cephalalgia. (2nd ed) 2004;24(Suppl 1):9–160.
    1. Houle TT, Butschek RA, Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Rains JC, Penzien DB. Stress and sleep duration predict headache severity in chronic headache sufferers. Pain. 2012;153:2432–40.
    1. Maleki N, Becerra L, Borsook D. Migraine: Maladaptive brain responses to stress. Headache. 2012;52(Suppl 2):102–6.
    1. Jin Z, Shi L, Wang YJ, Yang LG, Shi YH, Shen LW, et al. Prevalence of headache among children and adolescents in Shanghai, China. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:117–21.
    1. Laurell K, Larsson B, Eeg-Olofsson O. Prevalence of headache in Swedish schoolchildren, with a focus on tension-type headache. Cephalalgia. 2004;24:380–8.
    1. Isik U, Topuzoglu A, Ay P, Ersu RH, Arman AR, Onsüz MF, et al. The prevalence of headache and its association with socioeconomic status among schoolchildren in istanbul, Turkey. Headache. 2009;49:697–703.
    1. Aromaa M, Sillanpää M, Rautava P, Helenius H. Pain experience of children with headache and their families: A controlled study. Pediatrics. 2000;106:270–5.
    1. Karli N, Akgöz S, Zarifoglu M, Akis N, Erer S. Clinical characteristics of tension-type headache and migraine in adolescents: A student-based study. Headache. 2006;46:399–412.
    1. Akyol A, Kiylioglu N, Aydin I, Erturk A, Kaya E, Telli E, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of migraine among school children in the Menderes region. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:781–7.
    1. Mortimer MJ, Kay J, Jaron A. Epidemiology of headache and childhood migraine in an urban general practice using Ad Hoc, Vahlquist and IHS criteria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992;34:1095–101.
    1. Bugdayci R, Ozge A, Sasmaz T, Kurt AO, Kaleagasi H, Karakelle A, et al. Prevalence and factors affecting headache in Turkish schoolchildren. Pediatr Int. 2005;47:316–22.
    1. Rasmussen BK. Migraine and tension-type headache in a general population: Psychosocial factors. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;21:1138–43.
    1. Gervil M, Ulrich V, Kaprio J, Olesen J, Russell MB. The relative role of genetic and environmental factors in migraine without aura. Neurology. 1999;53:995–9.
    1. Arruda MA, Bigal ME. Migraine and behavior in children: Influence of maternal headache frequency. J Headache Pain. 2012;13:395–400.
    1. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. What predicts the change from episodic to chronic migraine? Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22:269–76.
    1. Luntamo T, Sourander A, Rihko M, Aromaa M, Helenius H, Koskelainen M, et al. Psychosocial determinants of headache, abdominal pain, and sleep problems in a community sample of Finnish adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21:301–13.
    1. Palma JA, Urrestarazu E, Iriarte J. Sleep loss as risk factor for neurologic disorders: A review. Sleep Med. 2013;14:229–36.
    1. Raggi A, Giovannetti AM, Quintas R, D’Amico D, Cieza A, Sabariego C, et al. A systematic review of the psychosocial difficulties relevant to patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2012;13:595–606.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する