2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth

Stefano Negrini, Sabrina Donzelli, Angelo Gabriele Aulisa, Dariusz Czaprowski, Sanja Schreiber, Jean Claude de Mauroy, Helmut Diers, Theodoros B Grivas, Patrick Knott, Tomasz Kotwicki, Andrea Lebel, Cindy Marti, Toru Maruyama, Joe O'Brien, Nigel Price, Eric Parent, Manuel Rigo, Michele Romano, Luke Stikeleather, James Wynne, Fabio Zaina, Stefano Negrini, Sabrina Donzelli, Angelo Gabriele Aulisa, Dariusz Czaprowski, Sanja Schreiber, Jean Claude de Mauroy, Helmut Diers, Theodoros B Grivas, Patrick Knott, Tomasz Kotwicki, Andrea Lebel, Cindy Marti, Toru Maruyama, Joe O'Brien, Nigel Price, Eric Parent, Manuel Rigo, Michele Romano, Luke Stikeleather, James Wynne, Fabio Zaina

Abstract

Background: The International Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) produced its first guidelines in 2005 and renewed them in 2011. Recently published high-quality clinical trials on the effect of conservative treatment approaches (braces and exercises) for idiopathic scoliosis prompted us to update the last guidelines' version. The objective was to align the guidelines with the new scientific evidence to assure faster knowledge transfer into clinical practice of conservative treatment for idiopathic scoliosis (CTIS).

Methods: Physicians, researchers and allied health practitioners working in the area of CTIS were involved in the development of the 2016 guidelines. Multiple literature reviews reviewing the evidence on CTIS (assessment, bracing, physiotherapy, physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) and other CTIS) were conducted. Documents, recommendations and practical approach flow charts were developed using a Delphi procedure. The process was completed with the Consensus Session held during the first combined SOSORT/IRSSD Meeting held in Banff, Canada, in May 2016.

Results: The contents of the new 2016 guidelines include the following: background on idiopathic scoliosis, description of CTIS approaches for various populations with flow-charts for clinical practice, as well as literature reviews and recommendations on assessment, bracing, PSSE and other CTIS. The present guidelines include a total of 68 recommendations divided into following topics: bracing (n = 25), PSSE to prevent scoliosis progression during growth (n = 12), PSSE during brace treatment and surgical therapy (n = 6), other conservative treatments (n = 2), respiratory function and exercises (n = 3), general sport activities (n = 6); and assessment (n = 14). According to the agreed strength and level of evidence rating scale, there were 2 recommendations on bracing and 1 recommendation on PSSE that reached level of recommendation "I" and level of evidence "II". Three recommendations reached strength of recommendation A based on the level of evidence I (2 for bracing and one for assessment); 39 recommendations reached strength of recommendation B (20 for bracing, 13 for PSSE, and 6 for assessment).The number of paper for each level of evidence for each treatment is shown in Table 8.

Conclusion: The 2016 SOSORT guidelines were developed based on the current evidence on CTIS. Over the last 5 years, high-quality evidence has started to emerge, particularly in the areas of efficacy of bracing (one large multicentre trial) and PSSE (three single-centre randomized controlled trials). Several grade A recommendations were presented. Despite the growing high-quality evidence, the heterogeneity of the study protocols limits generalizability of the recommendations. There is a need for standardization of research methods of conservative treatment effectiveness, as recognized by SOSORT and the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) non-operative management Committee.

Keywords: Guidelines; Idiopathic scoliosis; Treatment.

Conflict of interest statement

Not applicable.Not applicable.All Commission Members are physicians, orthothists and physiotherapists who earn from their own work. The conflict of interests declared by the authors are as follows: ✓ Stefano Negrini has a stock of ISICO (Italian Scientific Spine Institute), Italy. ✓ Manuel Rigo is advisor of Ortholutions, Germany. ✓ Michele Romano has a stock of ISICO (Italian Scientific Spine Institute), Italy. ✓ James H. Wynne is an employee of Boston Brace Corp., USA: ✓ No other conflict of interests have been declared.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

    1. Weiss H-R, Negrini S, Rigo M, Kotwicki T, Hawes MC, Grivas TB, et al. Indications for conservative management of scoliosis (guidelines) Scoliosis. 2006;1:5. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-5.
    1. Negrini S, Aulisa L, Ferraro C, Fraschini P, Masiero S, Simonazzi P, et al. Italian guidelines on rehabilitation treatment of adolescents with scoliosis or other spinal deformities. Eura Medicophys. 2005;41(2):183–201.
    1. Negrini S, Aulisa AG, Aulisa L, Circo AB, de Mauroy JC, Durmala J, et al. 2011 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis. 2012;7(1):3. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-7-3.
    1. Kotwicki T, Durmała J, Czaprowski D, Głowacki M, Kołban M, Snela S, et al. Conservative management of idiopathic scoliosis--guidelines based on SOSORT 2006 consensus. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2009;11(5):379–395.
    1. Vasiliadis ES, Grivas TB, Kaspiris A. Historical overview of spinal deformities in ancient Greece. Scoliosis. 2009;4:6. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-6.
    1. Kleinberg S. The operative treatment of scoliosis. Arch Surg. 1922;5(3):631–645. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1922.01110150184008.
    1. Xiong B, Sevastik JA, Hedlund R, Sevastik B. Radiographic changes at the coronal plane in early scoliosis. Spine. 1994;19(2):159–164. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199401001-00008.
    1. Burwell RG, James NJ, Johnson F, Webb JK, Wilson YG. Standardised trunk asymmetry scores. A study of back contour in healthy school children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65(4):452–463.
    1. Brooks HL, Azen SP, Gerberg E, Brooks R, Chan L. Scoliosis: a prospective epidemiological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57(7):968–972. doi: 10.2106/00004623-197557070-00015.
    1. Grivas TB, Samelis P, Chadziargiropoulos T, Polyzois B. Study of the rib cage deformity in children with 10 degrees-20 degrees of Cobb angle late onset idiopathic scoliosis, using rib-vertebra angles--aetiologic implications. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:20–24.
    1. Weinstein SL. Natural history. Spine. 1999;24(24):2592–2600. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199912150-00006.
    1. Stagnara P. Les deformations du rachis. Paris: Masson; 1985.
    1. Kotwicki T, Kinel E, Stryla W, Szulc A. Discrepancy in clinical versus radiological parameters describing deformity due to brace treatment for moderate idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2007;2:18. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-18.
    1. Wong H-K, Hui JHP, Rajan U, Chia H-P. Idiopathic scoliosis in Singapore schoolchildren: a prevalence study 15 years into the screening program. Spine. 2005;30(10):1188–1196. doi: 10.1097/.
    1. Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Mouzakis V, Mihas C, Koufopoulos G. Association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche in different geographic latitudes. Scoliosis. 2006;1:9. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-9.
    1. Dickson RA. Scoliosis in the community. Br Med J Clin Res Ed. 1983;286(6379):1745. doi: 10.1136/bmj.286.6379.1745-b.
    1. Soucacos PN, Soucacos PK, Zacharis KC, Beris AE, Xenakis TA. School-screening for scoliosis. A prospective epidemiological study in northwestern and central Greece. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(10):1498–1503. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199710000-00006.
    1. Pin LH, Mo LY, Lin L, Hua LK, Hui HP, Hui DS, et al. Early diagnosis of scoliosis based on school-screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67(8):1202–1205. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198567080-00009.
    1. Huang SC. Cut-off point of the Scoliometer in school scoliosis screening. Spine. 1997;22(17):1985–1989. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199709010-00007.
    1. Nissinen M, Heliövaara M, Ylikoski M, Poussa M. Trunk asymmetry and screening for scoliosis: a longitudinal cohort study of pubertal schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. 1993;82(1):77–82.
    1. Willner S, Udén A. A prospective prevalence study of scoliosis in Southern Sweden. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53(2):233–237. doi: 10.3109/17453678208992208.
    1. Laulund T, Søjbjerg JO, Hørlyck E. Moiré topography in school screening for structural scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53(5):765–768. doi: 10.3109/17453678208992289.
    1. Morais T, Bernier M, Turcotte F. Age- and sex-specific prevalence of scoliosis and the value of school screening programs. Am J Public Health. 1985;75(12):1377–1380. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.75.12.1377.
    1. Yawn B, Yawn RA. Efficacy of school scoliosis screening. Orthopedics. 2001;24(4):317.
    1. Gore DR, Passehl R, Sepic S, Dalton A. Scoliosis screening: results of a community project. Pediatrics. 1981;67(2):196–200.
    1. Rogala EJ, Drummond DS, Gurr J. Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60(2):173–176. doi: 10.2106/00004623-197860020-00005.
    1. Shands AR, Eisberg HB. The incidence of scoliosis in the state of Delaware; a study of 50,000 minifilms of the chest made during a survey for tuberculosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1955;37-A(6):1243–1249. doi: 10.2106/00004623-195537060-00012.
    1. Koukourakis I, Giaourakis G, Kouvidis G, Kivernitakis E, Blazos J, Koukourakis M. Screening school children for scoliosis on the island of Crete. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10(6):527–531. doi: 10.1097/00002517-199712000-00013.
    1. Grivas TB, Wade MH, Negrini S, O’Brien JP, Maruyama T, Hawes MC, et al. SOSORT consensus paper: school screening for scoliosis. Where are we today? Scoliosis. 2007;2:17. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-17.
    1. Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Savvidou O, Mouzakis V, Koufopoulos G. Geographic latitude and prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:84–89.
    1. Parent S, Newton PO, Wenger DR. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: etiology, anatomy, natural history, and bracing. Instr Course Lect. 2005;54:529–536.
    1. Lonstein JE. Scoliosis: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop. 2006;443:248–259. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000198725.54891.73.
    1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289(5):559–567. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.5.559.
    1. Negrini S, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, Maruyama T, Rigo M, Weiss HR, et al. Why do we treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? What we want to obtain and to avoid for our patients. SOSORT 2005 consensus paper. Scoliosis. 2006;1:4. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-4.
    1. Grivas TB, Burwell GR, Vasiliadis ES, Webb JK. A segmental radiological study of the spine and rib--cage in children with progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2006;1:17. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-17.
    1. Ponseti IV, Pedrini V, Wynne-Davies R, Duval-Beaupere G. Pathogenesis of scoliosis. Clin Orthop. 1976;120:268–280.
    1. Ippolito E, Ponseti IV. Juvenile kyphosis: histological and histochemical studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(2):175–182. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198163020-00001.
    1. Dubousset J, Machida M. Proceedings of the tenth international Philip Zorab symposium on scoliosis, abstract 3.19. Oxf: Oxf Univ Press; 1998. Melatonin: a possible role in the pathogenesis of human idiopathic scoliosis.
    1. Machida M, Dubousset J, Imamura Y, Miyashita Y, Yamada T, Kimura J. Melatonin. A possible role in pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1996;21(10):1147–1152. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199605150-00005.
    1. Grivas TB, Savvidou OD. Melatonin the “light of night” in human biology and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2007;2:6. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-6.
    1. Machida M, Dubousset J, Yamada T, Kimura J. Serum melatonin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prediction and prevention for curve progression--a prospective study. J Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):344–348. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00669.x.
    1. Moreau A, Wang DS, Forget S, Azeddine B, Angeloni D, Fraschini F, et al. Melatonin signaling dysfunction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2004;29(16):1772–1781. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000134567.52303.1A.
    1. Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A, Grivas TB, Cheng JC. Whither the etiopathogenesis (and scoliogeny) of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Incorporating presentations on scoliogeny at the 2012 IRSSD and SRS meetings. Scoliosis. 2013;8:4. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-8-4.
    1. Kindsfater K, Lowe T, Lawellin D, Weinstein D, Akmakjian J. Levels of platelet calmodulin for the prediction of progression and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76(8):1186–1192. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199408000-00009.
    1. Aulisa L, Papaleo P, Pola E, Angelini F, Aulisa AG, Tamburrelli FC, et al. Association between IL-6 and MMP-3 gene polymorphisms and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study. Spine. 2007;32(24):2700–2702. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815a5943.
    1. Burwell RG, Aujla RK, Grevitt MP, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A, Randell TL, et al. Pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in girls - a double neuro-osseous theory involving disharmony between two nervous systems, somatic and autonomic expressed in the spine and trunk: possible dependency on sympathetic nervous system and hormones with implications for medical therapy. Scoliosis. 2009;4:24. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-24.
    1. Bagnall KM. Using a synthesis of the research literature related to the aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to provide ideas on future directions for success. Scoliosis. 2008;3:5. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-3-5.
    1. Lonstein JE, Carlson JM. The prediction of curve progression in untreated idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Jt Surg. 1984:1061–71.
    1. Scoliosis-Specific exercises can reduce the progression of severe curves in adult idiopathic scoliosis: a long-term cohort study [Internet]. Available from: . Cited 14 Feb 2016.
    1. Marty-Poumarat C, Scattin L, Marpeau M, Garreau de Loubresse C, Aegerter P. Natural history of progressive adult scoliosis. Spine. 2007;32(11):1227–1234. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000263328.89135.a6.
    1. Aebi M. The adult scoliosis. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2005;14(10):925–948. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-1053-9.
    1. James JI, Lloyd-Roberts GC, Pilcher MF. Infantile structural scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1959;41-B:719–735.
    1. James JI. The management of infants with scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;57(4):422–429.
    1. James JI. Idiopathic scoliosis; the prognosis, diagnosis, and operative indications related to curve patterns and the age at onset. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1954;36-B(1):36–49.
    1. Bunnell WP. The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis before skeletal maturity. Spine. 1986;11(8):773–776. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198610000-00003.
    1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JCY, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527–1537. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60658-3.
    1. Hawes MC. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289(20):2644. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.20.2644-a.
    1. Zmurko MG, Mooney JF, Podeszwa DA, Minster GJ, Mendelow MJ, Guirgues A. Inter- and intraobserver variance of cobb angle measurements with digital radiographs. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2003;12(4):208–213.
    1. Mullender M, Blom N, De Kleuver M, Fock J, Hitters W, Horemans A, et al. A Dutch guideline for the treatment of scoliosis in neuromuscular disorders. Scoliosis. 2008;3:14. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-3-14.
    1. Ylikoski M, Tallroth K. Measurement variations in scoliotic angle, vertebral rotation, vertebral body height, and intervertebral disc space height. J Spinal Disord. 1990;3(4):387–391.
    1. Carman DL, Browne RH, Birch JG. Measurement of scoliosis and kyphosis radiographs. Intraobserver and interobserver variation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(3):328–333. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199072030-00003.
    1. Morrissy RT, Goldsmith GS, Hall EC, Kehl D, Cowie GH. Measurement of the cobb angle on radiographs of patients who have scoliosis. Evaluation of intrinsic error. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(3):320–327. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199072030-00002.
    1. Goldberg MS, Poitras B, Mayo NE, Labelle H, Bourassa R, Cloutier R. Observer variation in assessing spinal curvature and skeletal development in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1988;13(12):1371–1377. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198812000-00008.
    1. Langensiepen S, Semler O, Sobottke R, Fricke O, Franklin J, Schönau E, et al. Measuring procedures to determine the cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2013;22(11):2360–2371. doi: 10.1007/s00586-013-2693-9.
    1. Ponseti IV, Friedman B. Prognosis in idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1950;32A(2):381–395. doi: 10.2106/00004623-195032020-00017.
    1. Schulthess W, Chirurgie HBO. Pathol Ther Ruckgratsverkrummungen 1Germany Jena Joachimsthal G. 1905. p. 1907.
    1. Transfeldt EE, Lonstein JE, Bradford DS, Winter RB. Complications of treatment. Moes Textb Scoliosis Spinal Deform. 1995;3:551–482.
    1. Lenke LG, Betz RR, Clements D, Merola A, Haher T, Lowe T, et al. Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 2002;27(6):604–611. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200203150-00008.
    1. Lenke LG, Edwards CC, Bridwell KH. The Lenke classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: how it organizes curve patterns as a template to perform selective fusions of the spine. Spine. 2003;28(20):S199–S207. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000092216.16155.33.
    1. Lenke LG, Betz RR, Harms J, Bridwell KH, Clements DH, Lowe TG, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(8):1169–1181. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200108000-00006.
    1. King HA. Selection of fusion levels for posterior instrumentation and fusion in idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988;19(2):247–255.
    1. Rigo MD, Villagrasa M, Gallo D. A specific scoliosis classification correlating with brace treatment: description and reliability. Scoliosis. 2010;5(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-1.
    1. Rigo M. Intra-observer reliability of a new classification correlating with brace treatment. Pediatr Rehabil. 2004;7:63. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001654736.
    1. Negrini S, Negrini A. The 3-DEMO (3-dimensional easy morphological) classification of scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2007;2(Suppl 1):S45. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-S1-S45.
    1. Negrini A, Negrini S. The three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis, part II: repeatability. Scoliosis. 2006;1:23. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-23.
    1. Negrini S, Negrini A. The three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis - part III, correlation with clinical classification and parameters. Scoliosis. 2007;2:5. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-5.
    1. Negrini S, Atanasio S, Fusco C, Zaina F, Negrini A. 3-DEMO classification of scoliosis: a useful understanding of the 3(rd) dimension of the deformity. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:139–153.
    1. Negrini S, Negrini A, Atanasio S, Santambrogio GC. Three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis, part I. Scoliosis. 2006;1:20. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-20.
    1. Duong L, Mac-Thiong J-M, Cheriet F, Labelle H. Three-dimensional subclassification of Lenke type 1 scoliotic curves. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2009;22(2):135–143. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e31816845bc.
    1. Poncet P, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Geometric torsion in idiopathic scoliosis: three-dimensional analysis and proposal for a new classification. Spine. 2001;26(20):2235–2243. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200110150-00015.
    1. Sangole AP, Aubin C-E, Labelle H, Stokes IAF, Lenke LG, Jackson R, et al. Three-dimensional classification of thoracic scoliotic curves. Spine. 2009;34(1):91–99. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181877bbb.
    1. Stokes IAF, Sangole AP, Aubin C-E. Classification of scoliosis deformity three-dimensional spinal shape by cluster analysis. Spine. 2009;34(6):584–590. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318190b914.
    1. Donzelli S, Poma S, Balzarini L, Borboni A, Respizzi S, Villafane JH, et al. State of the art of current 3-D scoliosis classifications: a systematic review from a clinical perspective. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2015;12(1):91. doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0083-8.
    1. Wynne JH. The Boston brace system philosophy, biomechanics, design & fit. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:370–384.
    1. Negrini S, Marchini G, Tessadri F. Brace technology thematic series - the Sforzesco and Sibilla braces, and the SPoRT (Symmetric, Patient oriented, Rigid, Three-dimensional, active) concept. Scoliosis. 2011;6:8. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-8.
    1. Coillard C, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Rivard CH. SpineCor--a non-rigid brace for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: post-treatment results. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2003;12(2):141–148.
    1. Dolan LA, Wright JG, Weinstein SL. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(7):681. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1315677.
    1. Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Cazzaniga D, Rocca B, Ferrante S. Active self-correction and task-oriented exercises reduce spinal deformity and improve quality of life in subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of a randomised controlled trial. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2014;23(6):1204–1214. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3241-y.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Galli M, Perisano C, Falciglia F, Aulisa L. Treatment of thoraco-lumbar curves in adolescent females affected by idiopathic scoliosis with a progressive action short brace (PASB): assessment of results according to the SRS committee on bracing and nonoperative management standardization criteria. Scoliosis. 2009;4:21. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-21.
    1. Lusini M, Donzelli S, Minnella S, Zaina F, Negrini S. Brace treatment is effective in idiopathic scoliosis over 45°: an observational prospective cohort controlled study. Spine J [Internet]. 2013; Available from: . Cited 10 July 2014
    1. Negrini S, Negrini F, Fusco C, Zaina F. Idiopathic scoliosis patients with curves more than 45 Cobb degrees refusing surgery can be effectively treated through bracing with curve improvements. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2011;11(5):369–380. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.12.001.
    1. Negrini S, Atanasio S, Fusco C, Zaina F. Effectiveness of complete conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (bracing and exercises) based on SOSORT management criteria: results according to the SRS criteria for bracing studies - SOSORT award 2009 winner. Scoliosis. 2009;4:19. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-19.
    1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Wright JG, Dobbs MB. Design of the Bracing in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Trial (BrAIST) Spine. 2013;38(21):1832–1841. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000435048.23726.3e.
    1. Goldberg CJ, Gillic I, Connaughton O, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, Canny GJ, et al. Respiratory function and cosmesis at maturity in infantile-onset scoliosis. Spine. 2003;28(20):2397–2406. doi: 10.1097/.
    1. Barois A. Respiratory problems in severe scoliosis. Bull Académie Natl Médecine. 1999;183(4):721–730.
    1. Durmala J, Tomalak W, Kotwicki T. Function of the respiratory system in patients with idiopathic scoliosis: reasons for impairment and methods of evaluation. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:237–245.
    1. Kearon C, Viviani GR, Kirkley A, Killian KJ. Factors determining pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148(2):288–294. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.2.288.
    1. Danielsson AJ, Nachemson AL. Back pain and function 23 years after fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study-part II. Spine. 2003;28(18):E373–E383. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000084267.41183.75.
    1. Danielsson AJ, Nachemson AL. Back pain and function 22 years after brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study-part I. Spine. 2003;28(18):2078–2085. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000084268.77805.6F.
    1. Goldberg MS, Mayo NE, Poitras B, Scott S, Hanley J. The Ste-Justine adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cohort study. Part II: perception of health, self and body image, and participation in physical activities. Spine. 1994;19(14):1562–1572. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199407001-00004.
    1. Danielsson AJ, Hasserius R, Ohlin A, Nachemson AL. Health-related quality of life in untreated versus brace-treated patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a long-term follow-up. Spine. 2010;35(2):199–205. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c89f4a.
    1. Schwab FJ, Smith VA, Biserni M, Gamez L, Farcy J-PC, Pagala M. Adult scoliosis: a quantitative radiographic and clinical analysis. Spine. 2002;27(4):387–392. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200202150-00012.
    1. Bess S, Protopsaltis TS, Lafage V, Lafage R, Ames CP, Errico T, et al. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of adult spinal deformity. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2015;
    1. Terran J, Schwab F, Shaffrey CI, Smith JS, Devos P, Ames CP, et al. The SRS-Schwab adult spinal deformity classification: assessment and clinical correlations based on a prospective operative and nonoperative cohort. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(4):559–568. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000012.
    1. Fortin C, Feldman DE, Cheriet F, Labelle H. Validity of a quantitative clinical measurement tool of trunk posture in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2010;35(19):E988–E994. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181cd2cd2.
    1. Aulisa AG, Giordano M, Falciglia F, Marzetti E, Poscia A, Guzzanti V. Correlation between compliance and brace treatment in juvenile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: SOSORT 2014 award winner. Scoliosis. 2014;9:6. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-6.
    1. Zaina F, Negrini S, Atanasio S. TRACE (Trunk Aesthetic Clinical Evaluation), a routine clinical tool to evaluate aesthetics in scoliosis patients: development from the Aesthetic Index (AI) and repeatability. Scoliosis. 2009;4:3. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-3.
    1. Parent EC, Damaraju S, Hill DL, Lou E, Smetaniuk D. Identifying the best surface topography parameters for detecting idiopathic scoliosis curve progression. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010;158:78–82.
    1. De Korvin G, Randriaminahisoa T, Cugy E, Cheze L, de Sèze M. Detection of progressive idiopathic scoliosis during growth using back surface topography: a prospective study of 100 patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;
    1. Komeili A, Westover L, Parent E, El-Rich M, Adeeb S. Monitoring for idiopathic scoliosis curve progression using surface topography asymmetry analysis of the torso in adolescents. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2015;
    1. Komeili A, Westover LM, Parent EC, Moreau M, El-Rich M, Adeeb S. Surface topography asymmetry maps categorizing external deformity in scoliosis. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2014;14(6):973–83.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.09.032.
    1. Negrini S, Atanasio S, Zaina F, Romano M, Parzini S, Negrini A. End-growth results of bracing and exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prospective worst-case analysis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:395–408.
    1. Sibilla P, Negrini S, Rainero G. Trent’anni di scoliosi. Lezione“ non” magistrale. Rachide Riabil. 2002;2002:1.
    1. Sibilla P. Le deformità vertebrali: stato dell’arte. 2001.
    1. Sibilla P. Il trattamento conservativo attivo della scoliosi idiopatica in Italia. Deform Vertebr Stato Dellarte Vol. 2001;2
    1. Fowler PB. Evidence-based medicine. Lancet. 1995;346(8978):838.
    1. White KL. Evidence-based medicine. Lancet. 1995;346(8978):837–838. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91651-2.
    1. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM. The need for evidence-based medicine. J R Soc Med. 1995;88(11):620–624.
    1. Negrini S, Grivas TB. Introduction to the “scoliosis” journal brace technology thematic series: increasing existing knowledge and promoting future developments. Scoliosis. 2010;5(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-2.
    1. Rigo MD, Grivas TB. “Rehabilitation schools for scoliosis” thematic series: describing the methods and results. Scoliosis. 2010;5:27. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-27.
    1. Grivas TB, de Mauroy JC, Négrini S, Kotwicki T, Zaina F, Wynne JH, et al. Terminology - glossary including acronyms and quotations in use for the conservative spinal deformities treatment: 8th SOSORT consensus paper. Scoliosis. 2010;5:23. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-23.
    1. Coillard C, Circo AB, Rivard CH. SpineCor treatment for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis: SOSORT award 2010 winner. Scoliosis. 2010;5:25. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-25.
    1. Coillard C, Circo AB, Rivard CH. A Prospective randomized controlled trial of the natural history of idiopathic scoliosis versus treatment with the Spinecor brace. Sosort award 2011 winner. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;50(5):479–487.
    1. Wynne JH. The Boston brace and TriaC systems. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2008;3(3):130–135. doi: 10.1080/17483100801903988.
    1. Veldhuizen AG, Cheung J, Bulthuis GJ, Nijenbanning G. A new orthotic device in the non-operative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Med Eng Phys. 2002;24(3):209–218. doi: 10.1016/S1350-4533(02)00008-5.
    1. De Mauroy JC, Lecante C, Barral F. “Brace technology” thematic series - the Lyon approach to the conservative treatment of scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2011;6:4. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-4.
    1. De Mauroy JC, Lecante C, Barral F, Daureu D, Gualerzi S, Gagliano R. The Lyon brace. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2008;3(3):139–145. doi: 10.1080/17483100801904069.
    1. De Mauroy JC, Fender P, Tato B, Lusenti P, Ferracane G. Lyon brace. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:327–340.
    1. Mehta MH. Growth as a corrective force in the early treatment of progressive infantile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(9):1237–1247. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.87B9.16124.
    1. Baulesh DM, Huh J, Judkins T, Garg S, Miller NH, Erickson MA. The role of serial casting in early-onset scoliosis (EOS) J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(7):658–663. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318269c438.
    1. Canavese F, Samba A, Dimeglio A, Mansour M, Rousset M. Serial elongation-derotation-flexion casting for children with early-onset scoliosis. World J Orthop. 2015;6(11):935–943. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i11.935.
    1. Fletcher ND, McClung A, Rathjen KE, Denning JR, Browne R, Johnston CE. Serial casting as a delay tactic in the treatment of moderate-to-severe early-onset scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(7):664–671. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31824bdb55.
    1. Negrini S, Atanasio S, Negrini F, Zaina F, Marchini G. The Sforzesco brace can replace cast in the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a controlled prospective cohort study. Scoliosis. 2008;3:15. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-3-15.
    1. Negrini S, Zaina F, Negrini F, Marchini G, Aulisa A. Sforzesco brace (SPoRT concept) versus Risser cast in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment: similar efficacy, with reduced spinal side effects for the brace. Scoliosis. 2007;2(Suppl 1):S20. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-S1-S20.
    1. Negrini S, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, Rigo M, Zaina F, international Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) Guidelines on “standards of management of idiopathic scoliosis with corrective braces in everyday clinics and in clinical research”: SOSORT consensus 2008. Scoliosis. 2009;4:2. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-2.
    1. Upadhyay SS, Nelson IW, Ho EK, Hsu LC, Leong JC. New prognostic factors to predict the final outcome of brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1995;20(5):537–545. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199503010-00006.
    1. Bunnell WP. Selective screening for scoliosis. Clin Orthop. 2005;434:40–45. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000163242.92733.66.
    1. Asher MA, Burton DC. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long term treatment effects. Scoliosis. 2006;1:2. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-2.
    1. Grivas TB, Dangas S, Samelis P, Maziotou C, Kandris K. Lateral spinal profile in school-screening referrals with and without late onset idiopathic scoliosis 10 degrees-20 degrees. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:25–31.
    1. Rigo M, Quera-Salvá G, Villagrasa M. Sagittal configuration of the spine in girls with idiopathic scoliosis: progressing rather than initiating factor. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:90–94.
    1. Schlösser TPC, Vincken KL, Rogers K, Castelein RM, Shah SA. Natural sagittal spino-pelvic alignment in boys and girls before, at and after the adolescent growth spurt. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2015;24(6):1158–1167. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3536-z.
    1. Janssen MMA, Vincken KL, Kemp B, Obradov M, de Kleuver M, Viergever MA, et al. Pre-existent vertebral rotation in the human spine is influenced by body position. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2010;19(10):1728–1734. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1400-3.
    1. Janssen MMA, Kouwenhoven J-WM, TPC S, Viergever MA, Bartels LW, Castelein RM, et al. Analysis of preexistent vertebral rotation in the normal infantile, juvenile, and adolescent spine. Spine. 2011;36(7):E486–E491. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f468cc.
    1. Vrtovec T, Janssen MMA, Likar B, Castelein RM, Viergever MA, Pernuš F. Evaluation of pelvic morphology in the sagittal plane. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2013;13(11):1500–1509. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.034.
    1. Homminga J, Lehr AM, Meijer GJM, Janssen MMA, Schlösser TPC, Verkerke GJ, et al. Posteriorly directed shear loads and disc degeneration affect the torsional stiffness of spinal motion segments: a biomechanical modeling study. Spine. 2013;38(21):E1313–E1319. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a0d5fa.
    1. Legaye J, Duval-Beaupère G. Sagittal plane alignment of the spine and gravity: a radiological and clinical evaluation. Acta Orthop Belg. 2005;71(2):213–220.
    1. Tyrakowski M, Wojtera-Tyrakowska D, Siemionow K. Influence of pelvic rotation on pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, and sacral slope. Spine. 2014;39(21):E1276–E1283. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000532.
    1. Tyrakowski M, Yu H, Siemionow K. Pelvic incidence and pelvic tilt measurements using femoral heads or acetabular domes to identify centers of the hips: comparison of two methods. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2015;24(6):1259–1264. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3739-3.
    1. Kotwicki T. Improved accuracy in Risser sign grading with lateral spinal radiography. Eur Spine J. 2008;17(12):1676–1685. doi: 10.1007/s00586-008-0794-7.
    1. Bagnall K. How can we achieve success in understanding the aetiology of AIS? Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:61–74.
    1. Bagnall KM, Grivas TB, Alos N, Asher M, Aubin C-E, Burwell GR, et al. The International Research Society of Spinal Deformities (IRSSD) and its contribution to science. Scoliosis. 2009;4:28. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-28.
    1. Grivas TB, Vasiliadis ES, Rodopoulos G, Bardakos N. The role of the intervertebral disc in correction of scoliotic curves. A theoretical model of idiopathic scoliosis pathogenesis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;140:33–36.
    1. Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Malakasis M, Mouzakis V, Segos D. Intervertebral disc biomechanics in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:80–83.
    1. Ogilvie JW, Braun J, Argyle V, Nelson L, Meade M, Ward K. The search for idiopathic scoliosis genes. Spine. 2006;31(6):679–681. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000202527.25356.90.
    1. Miller NH. Idiopathic scoliosis: cracking the genetic code and what does it mean? J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31(1 Suppl):S49–S52. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318202bfe2.
    1. Ogilvie JW. Update on prognostic genetic testing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31(1 Suppl):S46–S48. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181fd87eb.
    1. Haras MS, Astroth KS, Hesson-McInnis MS, Kossman SP, Woith WM. Development and initial validation of the NephRN perceptions toward advance care planning instrument. Nephrol Nurs J J Am Nephrol Nurses Assoc. 2015;42(3):257–267.
    1. Janusz P, Kotwicki T, Andrusiewicz M, Kotwicka M. XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms of estrogen receptor 1 gene in females with idiopathic scoliosis: no association with occurrence or clinical form. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076806.
    1. Kotwicki T, Janusz P, Andrusiewicz M, Chmielewska M, Kotwicka M. Estrogen receptor 2 gene polymorphism in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2014;39(26):E1599–E1607. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000643.
    1. Ward K, Ogilvie JW, Singleton MV, Chettier R, Engler G, Nelson LM. Validation of DNA-based prognostic testing to predict spinal curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2010;35(25):E1455–E1464. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ed2de1.
    1. Roye BD, Wright ML, Williams BA, Matsumoto H, Corona J, Hyman JE, et al. Does ScoliScore provide more information than traditional clinical estimates of curve progression? Spine. 2012;37(25):2099–2103. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31825eb605.
    1. Peterson LE, Nachemson AL. Prediction of progression of the curve in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of moderate severity. Logistic regression analysis based on data from the brace study of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(6):823–827. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199506000-00002.
    1. Little DG, Song KM, Katz D, Herring JA. Relationship of peak height velocity to other maturity indicators in idiopathic scoliosis in girls. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(5):685–693. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200005000-00009.
    1. Mac-Thiong J-M, Labelle H, Berthonnaud E, Betz RR, Roussouly P. Sagittal spinopelvic balance in normal children and adolescents. Eur. Spine J. 2007;16(2):227–234. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-0013-8.
    1. Mac-Thiong J-M, Labelle H, Roussouly P. Pediatric sagittal alignment. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2011;20(Suppl 5):586–590. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-1925-0.
    1. Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, et al. Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD006850.
    1. Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, et al. Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Spine. 2010;35(13):1285–1293. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181dc48f4.
    1. Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, et al. Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD006850.
    1. Bunge EM, de Koning HJ. brace trial group: Bracing Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis: Design of the Dutch Randomized Controlled Treatment Trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:57. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-9-57.
    1. Lou E, Hill D, Raso J, Donauer A, Moreau M, Mahood J, Hedden D. Brace wear characteristics during the first 6 months for the treatment of scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:346–349.
    1. Wong MS, Cheng JCY, Lam TP, Ng BKW, Sin SW, Lee-Shum SLF, et al. The effect of rigid versus flexible spinal orthosis on the clinical efficacy and acceptance of the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2008;33(12):1360–1365. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817329d9.
    1. Lusini M, Donzelli S, Zaina F, Negrini S. Brace treatment is effective in idiopathic scoliosis over 45: a prospective controlled study. Scoliosis. 2013;8(Suppl 1):O35.
    1. Nachemson AL, Peterson LE. Effectiveness of treatment with a brace in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective, controlled study based on data from the brace study of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(6):815–822. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199506000-00001.
    1. Bunge EM, de Bekker-Grob EW, van Biezen FC, Essink-Bot M-L, de Koning HJ. Patients’ preferences for scoliosis brace treatment: a discrete choice experiment. Spine. 2010;35(1):57–63. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bdeaa6.
    1. Rivard CH. Re: Wong MS, Cheng JC, lam TP, et al. the effect of rigid versus flexible spinal orthosis on the clinical efficacy and acceptance of the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2008;33:1360-5. Spine. 2008;33(25):2837. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818e28f7.
    1. Richards BS, Bernstein RM, D’Amato CR, Thompson GH. Standardization of criteria for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis brace studies: SRS Committee on bracing and nonoperative management. Spine. 2005;30(18):2068–2075. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000178819.90239.d0.
    1. Negrini S, Hresko TM, O’Brien JP, Price N, SOSORT Boards, SRS Non-Operative Committee Recommendations for research studies on treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: consensus 2014 between SOSORT and SRS non-operative management committee. Scoliosis. 2015;10:8. doi: 10.1186/s13013-014-0025-4.
    1. Coillard C, Vachon V, Circo AB, Beauséjour M, Rivard CH. Effectiveness of the SpineCor brace based on the new standardized criteria proposed by the scoliosis research society for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(4):375–379. doi: 10.1097/01.bpb.0000271330.64234.db.
    1. Janicki JA, Poe-Kochert C, Armstrong DG, Thompson GH. A comparison of the thoracolumbosacral orthoses and providence orthosis in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results using the new SRS inclusion and assessment criteria for bracing studies. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(4):369–374. doi: 10.1097/01.bpb.0000271331.71857.9a.
    1. Gammon SR, Mehlman CT, Chan W, Heifetz J, Durrett G, Wall EJ. A comparison of thoracolumbosacral orthoses and SpineCor treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients using the Scoliosis Research Society standardized criteria. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(6):531–538. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181e4f761.
    1. Negrini S, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Zaina F. The effectiveness of combined bracing and exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on SRS and SOSORT criteria: a prospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:263. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-263.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Falciglia F, Giordano M, Marzetti E, Aulisa L. Lyon bracing in adolescent females with thoracic idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study based on SRS and SOSORT criteria. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16(1):316. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0782-0.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Marzetti E, Giordano M, Falciglia F, Aulisa L. Brace treatment in juvenile idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study in accordance with the SRS criteria for bracing studies - SOSORT award 2013 winner. Scoliosis. 2014;9:3. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-3.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Perisano C, Marzetti E, Falciglia F, Aulisa L. Treatment of lumbar curves in scoliotic adolescent females with progressive action short brace: a case series based on the Scoliosis Research Society Committee Criteria. Spine. 2012;37(13):E786–E791. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31824b547d.
    1. Zaina F, de Mauroy JC, Donzelli S, Negrini S. SOSORT award winner 2015: a multicentre study comparing the SPoRT and ART braces effectiveness according to the SOSORT-SRS recommendations. Scoliosis. 2015;10:23. doi: 10.1186/s13013-015-0049-4.
    1. Guo J, Lam TP, Wong MS, Ng BKW, Lee KM, Liu KL, et al. A prospective randomized controlled study on the treatment outcome of SpineCor brace versus rigid brace for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with follow-up according to the SRS standardized criteria. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2013;
    1. Zaborowska-Sapeta K, Kowalski IM, Kotwicki T, Protasiewicz-Fałdowska H, Kiebzak W. Effectiveness of Chêneau brace treatment for idiopathic scoliosis: prospective study in 79 patients followed to skeletal maturity. Scoliosis. 2011;6(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-2.
    1. Aulisa A, Negrini S, Galli M, Lupparelli S, Lorenzo A. The conservative treatment of thoracolumbar and lumbar idiopathic scoliotic curves with the Progressive Action Short Brace (P.A.S.B.) Scoliosis. 2007;2(Suppl 1):S19. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-S1-S19.
    1. Dolan LA, Weinstein SL. Surgical rates after observation and bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an evidence-based review. Spine. 2007;32(19 Suppl):S91–100. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318134ead9.
    1. Rigo M, Reiter C, Weiss H-R. Effect of conservative management on the prevalence of surgery in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3–4):209–214. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001642054.
    1. Maruyama T, Kitagawa T, Takeshita K, Mochizuki K, Nakamura K. Conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: can it reduce the incidence of surgical treatment? Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3–4):215–219. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001642748.
    1. Weiss H-R, Weiss G, Petermann F. Incidence of curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation (SIR): an age- and sex-matched controlled study. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(1):23–30. doi: 10.1080/1363849031000095288.
    1. Rowe DE, Bernstein SM, Riddick MF, Adler F, Emans JB, Gardner-Bonneau D. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of non-operative treatments for idiopathic scoliosis*†. J Bone Jt Surg. 1997;79(5):664–674. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199705000-00005.
    1. Zaina F, De Mauroy JC, Grivas T, Hresko MT, Kotwizki T, Maruyama T, et al. Bracing for scoliosis in 2014: state of the art. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;50(1):93–110.
    1. Bunnell WP, MacEwen GD, Jayakumar S. The use of plastic jackets in the non-operative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(1):31–38. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198062010-00005.
    1. Katz DE, Richards BS, Browne RH, Herring JA. A comparison between the Boston brace and the Charleston bending brace in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1997;22(12):1302–12. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199706150-00005.
    1. Howard A, Wright JG, Hedden D. A comparative study of TLSO, Charleston, and Milwaukee braces for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1998;23(22):2404–2411. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199811150-00009.
    1. Yrjönen T, Ylikoski M, Schlenzka D, Kinnunen R, Poussa M. Effectiveness of the providence nighttime bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a comparative study of 36 female patients. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2006;15(7):1139–1143. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-0049-9.
    1. Negrini S, Marchini G. Efficacy of the symmetric, patient-oriented, rigid, three-dimensional, active (SPoRT) concept of bracing for scoliosis: a prospective study of the Sforzesco versus Lyon brace. Eur Medicophysica. 2007;43(2):171–181.
    1. De Mauroy JC, Lecante C, Barral F, Pourret S. Prospective study and new concepts based on scoliosis detorsion of the first 225 early in-brace radiological results with the new Lyon brace: ARTbrace. Scoliosis. 2014;9:19. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-19.
    1. Grivas TB, Bountis A, Vrasami I, Bardakos NV. Brace technology thematic series: the dynamic derotation brace. Scoliosis. 2010;5:20. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-20.
    1. Weiss H-R, Werkmann M. “Brace technology” thematic series - the ScoliOlogiC® Chêneau lightTM brace in the treatment of scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2010;5:19. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-19.
    1. Weiss H-R. “Brace technology” thematic series - the Gensingen braceTM in the treatment of scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2010;5:22. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-22.
    1. Aulisa AG, Mastantuoni G, Laineri M, Falciglia F, Giordano M, Marzetti E, et al. Brace technology thematic series: the progressive action short brace (PASB) Scoliosis. 2012;7:6. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-7-6.
    1. Katz DE, Durrani AA. Factors that influence outcome in bracing large curves in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2001;26(21):2354–2361. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200111010-00012.
    1. Miller DJ, Franzone JM, Matsumoto H, Gomez JA, Avendaño J, Hyman JE, et al. Electronic monitoring improves brace-wearing compliance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2012;37(9):717–721. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31822f4306.
    1. Brox JI, Lange JE, Gunderson RB, Steen H. Good brace compliance reduced curve progression and surgical rates in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2012;21(10):1957–1963. doi: 10.1007/s00586-012-2386-9.
    1. Tavernaro M, Pellegrini A, Tessadri F, Zaina F, Zonta A, Negrini S. Team care to cure adolescents with braces (avoiding low quality of life, pain and bad compliance): a case-control retrospective study. 2011 SOSORT award winner. Scoliosis. 2012;7(1):17. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-7-17.
    1. Allington NJ, Bowen JR. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: treatment with the Wilmington brace. A comparison of full-time and part-time use. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(7):1056–1062. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199607000-00010.
    1. Katz DE, Herring JA, Browne RH, Kelly DM, Birch JG. Brace wear control of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(6):1343–1352. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.01142.
    1. Negrini S, Fusco C, Romano M, Zaina F, Atanasio S. Clinical and postural behaviour of scoliosis during daily brace weaning hours. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;140:303–306.
    1. Landauer F, Wimmer C, Behensky H. Estimating the final outcome of brace treatment for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis at 6-month follow-up. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3–4):201–207. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001636817.
    1. Seifert J, Selle A, Flieger C, Günther KP. Compliance as a prognostic factor in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop. 2009;38(2):151–158. doi: 10.1007/s00132-008-1367-5.
    1. Rivett L, Rothberg A, Stewart A, Berkowitz R. The relationship between quality of life and compliance to a brace protocol in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a comparative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-5.
    1. Lindeman M, Behm K. Cognitive strategies and self-esteem as predictors of brace-wear noncompliance in patients with idiopathic scoliosis and kyphosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19(4):493–499. doi: 10.1097/01241398-199907000-00013.
    1. Birbaumer N, Flor H, Cevey B, Dworkin B, Miller NE. Behavioral treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(6):623–628. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90060-4.
    1. MacLean WE, Green NE, Pierre CB, Ray DC. Stress and coping with scoliosis: psychological effects on adolescents and their families. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9(3):257–261. doi: 10.1097/01241398-198905000-00001.
    1. DiRaimondo CV, Green NE. Brace-wear compliance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8(2):143–146. doi: 10.1097/01241398-198803000-00004.
    1. Morton A, Riddle R, Buchanan R, Katz D, Birch J. Accuracy in the prediction and estimation of adherence to bracewear before and during treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(3):336–341. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318168d154.
    1. Helfenstein A, Lankes M, Ohlert K, Varoga D, Hahne H-J, Ulrich HW, et al. The objective determination of compliance in treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with spinal orthoses. Spine. 2006;31(3):339–344. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000197412.70050.0d.
    1. Havey R, Gavin T, Patwardhan A, Pawelczak S, Ibrahim K, Andersson GBJ, et al. A reliable and accurate method for measuring orthosis wearing time. Spine. 2002;27(2):211–214. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200201150-00018.
    1. Lou E, Raso J, Hill D, Durdle N, Mahood J, Moreau M. Brace monitoring system for the treatment of scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:218–221.
    1. Takemitsu M, Bowen JR, Rahman T, Glutting JJ, Scott CB. Compliance monitoring of brace treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2004;29(18):2070–2074. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000138280.43663.7b.
    1. Vandal S, Rivard CH, Bradet R. Measuring the compliance behavior of adolescents wearing orthopedic braces. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 1999;22(2–3):59–73. doi: 10.1080/014608699265293.
    1. Nicholson GP, Ferguson-Pell MW, Smith K, Edgar M, Morley T. The objective measurement of spinal orthosis use for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2003;28(19):2243–2250. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000085098.69522.52.
    1. Rahman T, Borkhuu B, Littleton AG, Sample W, Moran E, Campbell S, et al. Electronic monitoring of scoliosis brace wear compliance. J Child Orthop. 2010;4(4):343–347. doi: 10.1007/s11832-010-0266-6.
    1. Negrini S. Bracing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis today. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2008;3(3):107–111. doi: 10.1080/17483100801942887.
    1. Donzelli S, Zaina F, Negrini S. In defense of adolescents: they really do use braces for the hours prescribed, if good help is provided. results from a prospective everyday clinic cohort using thermobrace. Scoliosis. 2012;7(1):12. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-7-12.
    1. Weiss H-R, Rigo M. Expert-driven Chêneau applications: description and in-brace corrections. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011;27(1):61–67. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.503991.
    1. Noonan KJ, Weinstein SL, Jacobson WC, Dolan LA. Use of the Milwaukee brace for progressive idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(4):557–567. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199604000-00009.
    1. Spoonamore MJ, Dolan LA, Weinstein SL. Use of the Rosenberger brace in the treatment of progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2004;29(13):1458–1464. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000128756.89367.9E.
    1. Clin J, Aubin C-É, Sangole A, Labelle H, Parent S. Correlation between immediate in-brace correction and biomechanical effectiveness of brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2010;35(18):1706–1713. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181cb46f6.
    1. Lou E, Hill D, Raso J. Brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:265–273.
    1. Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Negrini S. Correlation between in-brace radiographic correction and short time brace results. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:342–345.
    1. Kessler JI. Efficacy of a new computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture orthosis in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2008;17(4):207–211. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0b013e3283046117.
    1. Sankar WN, Albrektson J, Lerman L, Tolo VT, Skaggs DL. Scoliosis in-brace curve correction and patient preference of CAD/CAM versus plaster molded TLSOs. J Child Orthop. 2007;1(6):345–349. doi: 10.1007/s11832-007-0066-9.
    1. Weiss H-R, Werkmann M, Stephan C. The ScoliOlogiC “Chêneau light” brace--does the reduction of material affect the desired correction? Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:250–254.
    1. Wong MS, Cheng JCY, Lo KH. A comparison of treatment effectiveness between the CAD/CAM method and the manual method for managing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 2005;29(1):105–111. doi: 10.1080/17461550500069547.
    1. Castro FP. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, bracing, and the Hueter-Volkmann principle. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2003;3(3):180–185. doi: 10.1016/S1529-9430(02)00557-0.
    1. Beauséjour M, Petit Y, Grimard G, Aubin C-E, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Relationships between strap tension, interface pressures and spine correction in brace treatment of scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:207–211.
    1. Périé D, Aubin CE, Lacroix M, Lafon Y, Labelle H. Biomechanical modelling of orthotic treatment of the scoliotic spine including a detailed representation of the brace-torso interface. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2004;42(3):339–344. doi: 10.1007/BF02344709.
    1. Clin J, Aubin C-É, Parent S. Biomechanical simulation and analysis of scoliosis correction using a fusionless intravertebral epiphyseal device. Spine. 2015;40(6):369–376. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000777.
    1. Gignac D, Aubin CE, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Optimization method for 3D bracing correction of scoliosis using a finite element model. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2000;9(3):185–190. doi: 10.1007/s005860000135.
    1. Tolo VT, Gillespie R. The characteristics of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis and results of its treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60-B(2):181–188.
    1. Figueiredo UM, James JI. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B(1):61–66.
    1. Mannherz RE, Betz RR, Clancy M, Steel HH. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis followed to skeletal maturity. Spine. 1988;13(10):1087–1090. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00003.
    1. McMaster MJ, Macnicol MF. The management of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61(1):36–42.
    1. Kahanovitz N, Levine DB, Lardone J. The part-time Milwaukee brace treatment of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. Long-term follow-up. Clin Orthop. 1982;167:145–151.
    1. Fusco C, Zaina F, Negrini S. End-growth results in juvenile idiopathic scoliosis treated with conservative approach. Scoliosis. 2010;5(Suppl 1):O71. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-S1-O71.
    1. Smith JR, Samdani AF, Pahys J, Ranade A, Asghar J, Cahill P, et al. The role of bracing, casting, and vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib for the treatment of infantile idiopathic scoliosis: a single-institution experience with 31 consecutive patients. Clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;11(1):3–8. doi: 10.3171/2009.1.SPINE08253.
    1. Mener G, Rigault P, Pouliquen JC, Tanguy D. Results of the orthopedic treatment of scoliosis in children under 7 years of age. Apropos of 75 cases. Rev Chir Orthopédique Réparatrice Appar Mot. 1986;72(5):355–366.
    1. Sanders JO, D’Astous J, Fitzgerald M, Khoury JG, Kishan S, Sturm PF. Derotational casting for progressive infantile scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(6):581–587. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181b2f8df.
    1. Bergoin M. Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in children. Ann Pediatrie. 1993;40(4):259–269.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Giordano M, Falciglia F, Fuiano M, Aulisa L. Conservative treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with curves over 45°: is the measurement in Cobb degrees the only parameter to be considered? Scoliosis. 2014;9(Suppl 1):O23. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-S1-O23.
    1. Negrini S, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Zaina F. Bracing can reduce high degree curves and improve aesthetics immediately after the end of growth. Final results of a retrospective case series. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:393–396.
    1. Wong MS, Cheng JCY, Wong MW, So SF. A work study of the CAD/CAM method and conventional manual method in the fabrication of spinal orthoses for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 2005;29(1):93–104. doi: 10.1080/17461550500066782.
    1. Périé D, Aubin CE, Petit Y, Labelle H, Dansereau J. Personalized biomechanical simulations of orthotic treatment in idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Biomech Bristol Avon. 2004;19(2):190–195. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2003.11.003.
    1. Périé D, Aubin C-E, Petit Y, Beauséjour M, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Boston brace correction in idiopathic scoliosis: a biomechanical study. Spine. 2003;28(15):1672–1677.
    1. Weiss H-R, Negrini S, Hawes MC, Rigo M, Kotwicki T, Grivas TB, et al. Physical exercises in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis at risk of brace treatment -- SOSORT consensus paper 2005. Scoliosis. 2006;1:6. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-6.
    1. Lenssinck M-LB, Frijlink AC, Berger MY, Bierman-Zeinstra SMA, Verkerk K, Verhagen AP. Effect of bracing and other conservative interventions in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: a systematic review of clinical trials. Phys Ther. 2005;85(12):1329–1339.
    1. Romano M, Minozzi S, Zaina F, Saltikov JB, Chockalingam N, Kotwicki T, et al. Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a Cochrane systematic review. Spine. 2013;38(14):E883–E893. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31829459f8.
    1. Negrini S, Antonini G, Carabalona R, Minozzi S. Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3–4):227–235. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001636781.
    1. Negrini S, Atanasio S, Zaina F, Romano M. Rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results of exercises and bracing from a series of clinical studies. Europa Medicophysica-SIMFER 2007 award winner. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2008;44(2):169–176.
    1. Fusco C, Zaina F, Atanasio S, Romano M, Negrini A, Negrini S. Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an updated systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011;27(1):80–114. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.533342.
    1. Bettany-Saltikov J, Parent E, Romano M, Villagrasa M, Negrini S. Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;50(1):111–121.
    1. Negrini S, Fusco C, Minozzi S, Atanasio S, Zaina F, Romano M. Exercises reduce the progression rate of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results of a comprehensive systematic review of the literature. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(10):772–785. doi: 10.1080/09638280801889568.
    1. Mooney V, Gulick J, Pozos R. A preliminary report on the effect of measured strength training in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Spinal Disord. 2000;13(2):102–107. doi: 10.1097/00002517-200004000-00002.
    1. Solberg G. Plastic changes in spinal function of pre-pubescent scoliotic children engaged in an exercise therapy programme. South Afr J Physiother. 1996;52(1):19–22 24.
    1. Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y. The efficacy of Schroth s 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey. Saudi Med J. 2005;26(9):1429–1435.
    1. Mordecai SC, Dabke HV. Efficacy of exercise therapy for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of the literature. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2012;21(3):382–389. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-2063-4.
    1. Negrini S, Zaina F, Romano M, Atanasio S, Fusco C, Trevisan C. DeLisa’s Physical & Rehabilitation – principles and practice. 5. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2010. Rehabilitation of lumbar spine disorders: an evidence-based clinical practice approach; pp. 837–882.
    1. Negrini S, Zaina F, Romano M, Negrini A, Parzini S. Specific exercises reduce brace prescription in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective controlled cohort study with worst-case analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(6):451–455. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0195.
    1. Stone B, Beekman C, Hall V, Guess V, Brooks HL. The effect of an exercise program on change in curve in adolescents with minimal idiopathic scoliosis. A preliminary study. Phys Ther. 1979;59(6):759–763. doi: 10.1093/ptj/59.6.759.
    1. Wan L, Wang GX, Bian R. Exercise therapy in treatment of essential S-shaped scoliosis: evaluation of Cobb angle in breast and lumbar segment through a follow-up of half a year. Chin J Clin Rehabil. 2005;9(34):82–84.
    1. Negrini S, Negrini A, Romano M, Verzini N, Negrini A, Parzini S. A controlled prospective study on the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises in preventing progression and bracing in mild idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:523–526.
    1. Negrini S, Negrini A, Romano M, Verzini N, Negrini A, Parzini S. A controlled prospective study on the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises in preparation to bracing for idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:519–522.
    1. Dobosiewicz K, Durmala J, Jendrzejek H, Czernicki K. Influence of method of asymmetric trunk mobilization on shaping of a physiological thoracic kyphosis in children and youth suffering from progressive idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:348–351.
    1. Den Boer WA, Anderson PG, Limbeek JV, Kooijman MA. Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with side-shift therapy: an initial comparison with a brace treatment historical cohort. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 1999;8(5):406–410. doi: 10.1007/s005860050195.
    1. Weiss HR, Lohschmidt K, el-Obeidi N, Verres C. Preliminary results and worst-case analysis of in patient scoliosis rehabilitation. Pediatr Rehabil. 1997;1(1):35–40. doi: 10.3109/17518429709060940.
    1. Mamyama T, Kitagawal T, Takeshita K, Nakainura K. Side shift exercise for idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:361–364.
    1. McIntire KL, Asher MA, Burton DC, Liu W. Trunk rotational strength asymmetry in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: an observational study. Scoliosis. 2007;2:9. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-9.
    1. Weiss HR. Influence of an in-patient exercise program on scoliotic curve. Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992;18(3):395–406.
    1. Maruyama T, Takeshita K, Kitagawa T. Side-shift exercise and hitch exercise. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:246–249.
    1. Anwer S, Alghadir A, Abu Shaphe M, Anwar D. Effects of exercise on spinal deformities and quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:123848. doi: 10.1155/2015/123848.
    1. Kuru T, Yeldan İ, Dereli EE, Özdinçler AR, Dikici F, Çolak İ. The efficacy of three-dimensional Schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Clin Rehabil. 2015;
    1. Diab AA. The role of forward head correction in management of adolescent idiopathic scoliotic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(12):1123–1132. doi: 10.1177/0269215512447085.
    1. Weiss H-R, Heckel I, Stephan C. Application of passive transverse forces in the rehabilitation of spinal deformities: a randomized controlled study. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:304–308.
    1. Weiss H-R, Klein R. Improving excellence in scoliosis rehabilitation: a controlled study of matched pairs. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006;9(3):190–200. doi: 10.1080/13638490500079583.
    1. Noh DK, You JS-H, Koh J-H, Kim H, Kim D, Ko S-M, et al. Effects of novel corrective spinal technique on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis as assessed by radiographic imaging. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(3):331–338. doi: 10.3233/BMR-130452.
    1. Zaina F, Negrini S, Atanasio S, Fusco C, Romano M, Negrini A. Specific exercises performed in the period of brace weaning can avoid loss of correction in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients: winner of SOSORT’s 2008 award for best clinical paper. Scoliosis. 2009;4:8. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-8.
    1. Toledo PCV, de Mello DB, Araújo ME, Daoud R, Dantas EHM. Global posture reeducation effects in students with scoliosis. Fisioter E Pesqui. 2011;18(4):329–334. doi: 10.1590/S1809-29502011000400006.
    1. Zapata KA, Wang-Price SS, Sucato DJ, Thompson M, Trudelle-Jackson E, Lovelace-Chandler V. Spinal stabilization exercise effectiveness for low back pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized trial. Pediatr Phys Ther Off Publ Sect Pediatr Am Phys Ther Assoc. 2015;27(4):396–402.
    1. Choi J, Kim HS, Kim GS, Lee H, Jeon H-S, Chung K-M. Posture management program based on theory of planned behavior for adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Asian Nurs Res. 2013;7(3):120–127. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2013.07.001.
    1. Farzaneh G, Yahya S, Reza S. Biological forum [internet]. Research Trend. 2015. The effect of Schroth training course on certain postural and biomechanical parameters of the spine among students with idiopathic scoliosis; p. 1885.
    1. Sponseller PD. Bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in practice today. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31(1 Suppl):S53–S60. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181f73e87.
    1. Schiller JR, Thakur NA, Eberson CP. Brace management in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop. 2010;468(3):670–678. doi: 10.1007/s11999-009-0884-9.
    1. Marti CL, Glassman SD, Knott PT, Carreon LY, Hresko MT. Scoliosis Research Society members attitudes towards physical therapy and physiotherapeutic scoliosis specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2015;10:16. doi: 10.1186/s13013-015-0041-z.
    1. Mollon G, Rodot JC. Scolioses structurales mineures et kinèsitherapie. Etude statistique compareative des rèsultas. Kinesithérapie Sci. 1986;244:47–56.
    1. Ducongè P. La rèèducation de la scoliose. Mythè ou rèalitè Rèsonance Eur Rachis. 2002;10:1229–1236.
    1. Ferraro C, Masiero S, Venturin A, Pigatto M, Migliorino N. Effect of exercise therapy on mild idiopathic scoliosis. Preliminary results. Eur Medicophysica. 1998;34:25–32.
    1. Klisic P, Nikolic Z. Proceedings of the international congress on prevention of scoliosis in schoolchildren Milan: Edizioni pro-Juventute. 1985. Scoliotic attitudes and idiopathic scoliosis; pp. 91–92.
    1. Soucacos PN, Zacharis K, Gelalis J, Soultanis K, Kalos N, Beris A, et al. Assessment of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 1998;7(4):270–277. doi: 10.1007/s005860050074.
    1. Lonstein JE. Spondylolisthesis in children. Cause, natural history, and management. Spine. 1999;24(24):2640–2648. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199912150-00011.
    1. Negrini S, Carabalona R. Social acceptability of treatments for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study. Scoliosis. 2006;1:14. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-14.
    1. Neugebauer H. Active scoliosis in a modified Milwaukee brace (author’s transl) Z Für Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1977;115(3):391–396.
    1. Blount WP. The Milwaukee brace in the treatment of the young child with scoliosis. Arch Für Orthop Unf-Chir. 1964;30(56):363–369. doi: 10.1007/BF00417068.
    1. Mellencamp DD, Blount WP, Anderson AJ. Milwaukee brace treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: late results. Clin Orthop. 1977;126:47–57.
    1. Watts HG, Hall JE, Stanish W. The Boston brace system for the treatment of low thoracic and lumbar scoliosis by the use of a girdle without superstructure. Clin Orthop. 1977;126:87–92.
    1. Stagnara P. Essential scoliosis during the growth period: natural history and therapeutic possibilities. Maroc Méd. 1970;50(540):646–671.
    1. Biel T, Bach-Otho I, Kovermann S. Functional treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in the Chêneau corset. Exercise therapy guidelines for patients. Fortschr Med. 1983;101(29):1335–1339.
    1. Cheneau J. Das Cheneau-Korsett. Ein Handb Dortm Orthopadie Tech. 1993;1
    1. Chêneau J. Corset-Chêneau (manuel d’orthopédie des scolioses suivant la technique originale) 1994.
    1. Negrini S. Approach to scoliosis changed due to causes other than evidence: patients call for conservative (rehabilitation) experts to join in team orthopedic surgeons. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(10):731–741. doi: 10.1080/09638280801889485.
    1. Wong MS, Evans JH. Biomechanical evaluation of the Milwaukee brace. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 1998;22(1):54–67.
    1. Rigo M, Weiss H-R. The Chêneau concept of bracing--biomechanical aspects. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:303–319.
    1. Rigo M, Quera-Salvá G, Puigdevall N, Martínez M. Retrospective results in immature idiopathic scoliotic patients treated with a Chêneau brace. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:241–245.
    1. Weiss H-R, Maier-Hennes A. Specific exercises in the treatment of scoliosis--differential indication. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:173–190.
    1. Romano M, Negrini A, Parzini S, Tavernaro M, Zaina F, Donzelli S, et al. SEAS (Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis): a modern and effective evidence based approach to physiotherapic specific scoliosis exercises. Scoliosis. 2015;10(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s13013-014-0027-2.
    1. Schreiber S, Parent EC, Hedden DM, Moreau M, Hill D, Lou E. Effect of Schroth exercises on curve characteristics and clinical outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. J Physiother. 2014;60(4):234. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2014.08.005.
    1. Schreiber S, Parent EC, Moez EK, Hedden DM, Hill D, Moreau MJ, et al. The effect of Schroth exercises added to the standard of care on the quality of life and muscle endurance in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis-an assessor and statistician blinded randomized controlled trial: “SOSORT 2015 award winner”. Scoliosis. 2015;10:24. doi: 10.1186/s13013-015-0048-5.
    1. Stoboy H, Speierer B. Pulmonary function tests and spiroergometric parameters during rehabilitation of patients with idiopathic scoliosis (fusion of the spine with Harrington rod and training) (author’s transl) Arch Für Orthop Unf-Chir. 1975;81(3):247–254. doi: 10.1007/BF00416950.
    1. Rubery PT, Bradford DS. Athletic activity after spine surgery in children and adolescents: results of a survey. Spine. 2002;27(4):423–427. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200202150-00019.
    1. Weiss H-R. Rehabilitation of adolescent patients with scoliosis--what do we know? A review of the literature. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3–4):183–194. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001636790.
    1. Dos Santos Alves VL, Stirbulov R, Avanzi O. Long-term impact of pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol on the 6-min walk test of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial. Rev Port Pneumol. 2015;21(3):138–143.
    1. Lewis C, Erhard R, Drysdale G. Kyphoscoliosis improvement while treating a patient for adhesive capsulitis using the active therapeutic movement version 2. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31(9):715–722. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.10.003.
    1. Chen K-C, Chiu EHH. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated by spinal manipulation: a case study. J Altern Complement Med N Y N. 2008;14(6):749–751. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0054.
    1. Aspegren DD, Cox JM. Correction of progressive idiopathic scoliosis utilizing neuromuscular stimulation and manipulation: a case report. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1987;10(4):147–156.
    1. Hawes MC, Brooks WJ. Reversal of the signs and symptoms of moderately severe idiopathic scoliosis in response to physical methods. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:365–368.
    1. Hawes MC, Brooks WJ. Improved chest expansion in idiopathic scoliosis after intensive, multiple-modality, nonsurgical treatment in an adult. Chest. 2001;120(2):672–674. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.2.672.
    1. Morningstar MW, Woggon D, Lawrence G. Scoliosis treatment using a combination of manipulative and rehabilitative therapy: a retrospective case series. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-5-32.
    1. Romano M, Negrini S. Manual therapy as a conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Scoliosis. 2008;3:2. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-3-2.
    1. Wei H, Xu J, Jiang Z, Ye S, Song H, Ning X, et al. Effect of a traditional Chinese medicine combined therapy on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Tradit Chin Med Chung Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan Spons -China Assoc Tradit Chin Med Acad Tradit Chin Med. 2015;35(5):514–519.
    1. Posadzki P, Lee MS, Ernst E. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for pediatric conditions: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):140–152. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3959.
    1. Martínez-Llorens J, Ramírez M, Colomina MJ, Bagó J, Molina A, Cáceres E, et al. Muscle dysfunction and exercise limitation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(2):393–400. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00025509.
    1. Lisboa C, Moreno R, Fava M, Ferretti R, Cruz E. Inspiratory muscle function in patients with severe kyphoscoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132(1):48–52.
    1. Leong JC, Lu WW, Luk KD, Karlberg EM. Kinematics of the chest cage and spine during breathing in healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1999;24(13):1310–1315. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199907010-00007.
    1. Kotani T, Minami S, Takahashi K, Isobe K, Nakata Y, Takaso M, et al. An analysis of chest wall and diaphragm motions in patients with idiopathic scoliosis using dynamic breathing MRI. Spine. 2004;29(3):298–302. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000106490.82936.89.
    1. Kotani T, Minami S, Takahashi K, Isobe K, Nakata Y, Takaso M, et al. Three dimensional analysis of chest wall motion during breathing in healthy individuals and patients with scoliosis using an ultrasonography-based system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:135–139.
    1. Smyth RJ, Chapman KR, Wright TA, Crawford JS, Rebuck AS. Ventilatory patterns during hypoxia, hypercapnia, and exercise in adolescents with mild scoliosis. Pediatrics. 1986;77(5):692–697.
    1. Estenne M, Derom E, De Troyer A. Neck and abdominal muscle activity in patients with severe thoracic scoliosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(2):452–457. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.2.9710116.
    1. Takahashi S, Suzuki N, Asazuma T, Kono K, Ono T, Toyama Y. Factors of thoracic cage deformity that affect pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Spine. 2007;32(1):106–112. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000251005.31255.25.
    1. Padua S, Aulisa L, Fieri C, Ciappi G, Di Marzo A. Valutazione dei valori polmonari in scoliosi idiopatiche dorsali e rapporti con la rotazione vertebrale prima e dopo l’iintervento di artrodesi. Progressi Patol Vertebr. 1979;11:81–91.
    1. Kafer ER. Idiopathic scoliosis. Mechanical properties of the respiratory system and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. J Clin Invest. 1975;55(6):1153–1163. doi: 10.1172/JCI108032.
    1. Barrios C, Pérez-Encinas C, Maruenda JI, Laguía M. Significant ventilatory functional restriction in adolescents with mild or moderate scoliosis during maximal exercise tolerance test. Spine. 2005;30(14):1610–1615. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000169447.55556.01.
    1. Kesten S, Garfinkel SK, Wright T, Rebuck AS. Impaired exercise capacity in adults with moderate scoliosis. Chest. 1991;99(3):663–666. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.3.663.
    1. DiRocco PJ, Breed AL, Carlin JI, Reddan WG. Physical work capacity in adolescent patients with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64(10):476–478.
    1. Dickson RA, Leatherman KD. Cotrel traction, exercises, casting in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. A pilot study and prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Acta Orthop Scand. 1978;49(1):46–48. doi: 10.3109/17453677809005722.
    1. Weiss H-R. Rehabilitation of scoliosis patients with pain after surgery. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:250–253.
    1. Pehrsson K, Bake B, Larsson S, Nachemson A. Lung function in adult idiopathic scoliosis: a 20 year follow up. Thorax. 1991;46(7):474–478. doi: 10.1136/thx.46.7.474.
    1. Pehrsson K, Nachemson A, Olofson J, Ström K, Larsson S. Respiratory failure in scoliosis and other thoracic deformities. A survey of patients with home oxygen or ventilator therapy in Sweden. Spine. 1992;17(6):714–718. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199206000-00012.
    1. Weiss HR. The effect of an exercise program on vital capacity and rib mobility in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1991;16(1):88–93. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199101000-00016.
    1. Athanasopoulos S, Paxinos T, Tsafantakis E, Zachariou K, Chatziconstantinou S. The effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1999;9(1):36–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00204.x.
    1. Liljenqvist U, Witt K-A, Bullmann V, Steinbeck J, Völker K. Empfehlungen zur Sportausübung bei Patienten mit idiopathischer Skoliose. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2006;20(01):36–42. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-859029.
    1. Fällström K, Cochran T, Nachemson A. Long-term effects on personality development in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Influence of type of treatment. Spine. 1986;11(7):756–758. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198609000-00018.
    1. Kenanidis E, Potoupnis ME, Papavasiliou KA, Sayegh FE, Kapetanos GA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and exercising: is there truly a liaison? Spine. 2008;33(20):2160–2165. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817d6db3.
    1. Hawes MC. The use of exercises in the treatment of scoliosis: an evidence-based critical review of the literature. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3–4):171–182. doi: 10.1080/0963828032000159202.
    1. Smania N, Picelli A, Romano M, Negrini S. Neurophysiological basis of rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(10):763–771. doi: 10.1080/17483100801921311.
    1. Hawes MC, O’brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006;1(1):3. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-3.
    1. Meyer C, Cammarata E, Haumont T, Deviterne D, Gauchard GC, Leheup B, et al. Why do idiopathic scoliosis patients participate more in gymnastics? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(4):231–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00482.x.
    1. Meyer C, Haumont T, Gauchard GC, Leheup B, Lascombes P, Perrin PP. The practice of physical and sporting activity in teenagers with idiopathic scoliosis is related to the curve type. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(6):751–755. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00750.x.
    1. Tanchev PI, Dzherov AD, Parushev AD, Dikov DM, Todorov MB. Scoliosis in rhythmic gymnasts. Spine. 2000;25(11):1367–1372. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200006010-00008.
    1. Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J, Hamilton LH, Warren LF, Hamilton WG. Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers. Relation to delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(21):1348–1353. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198605223142104.
    1. Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. The NOTOM hypothesis for idiopathic scoliosis: is it nullified by the delayed puberty of female rhythmic gymnasts and ballet dancers with scoliosis? Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:12–14.
    1. Potoupnis ME, Kenanidis E, Papavasiliou KA, Kapetanos GA. The role of exercising in a pair of female monozygotic (high-class athletes) twins discordant for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2008;33(17):E607–E610. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817c4ef3.
    1. Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Negrini S. Swimming and spinal deformities: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):163–167. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.024.
    1. Becker TJ. Scoliosis in swimmers. Clin Sports Med. 1986;5(1):149–158.
    1. Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Fusco C, Minnella S, Negrini S. Tennis is not dangerous for the spine during growth: results of a cross-sectional study. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2016;
    1. Krause M, Lehmann A, Vettorazzi E, Amling M, Barvencik F. Radiation-free spinometry adds to the predictive power of historical height loss in clinical vertebral fracture assessment. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA. 2014;25(11):2657–2662. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2782-6.
    1. Kotwicki T, Negrini S, Grivas TB, Rigo M, Maruyama T, Durmala J, et al. Methodology of evaluation of morphology of the spine and the trunk in idiopathic scoliosis and other spinal deformities - 6th SOSORT consensus paper. Scoliosis. 2009;4:26. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-26.
    1. Cilli K, Tezeren G, Taş T, Bulut O, Oztürk H, Oztemur Z, et al. School screening for scoliosis in Sivas, Turkey. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2009;43(5):426–430. doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2009.426.
    1. Berg AO. Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a report from the United States preventive services task force. J Am Board Fam Pract Am Board Fam Pract. 1993;6(5):497–501.
    1. Bunnell WP. Outcome of spinal screening. Spine. 1993;18(12):1572–1580. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199309000-00001.
    1. Bunnell WP. An objective criterion for scoliosis screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(9):1381–1387. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198466090-00010.
    1. Grosso C, Negrini S, Boniolo A, Negrini A a E. The validity of clinical examination in adolescent spinal deformities. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:123–125.
    1. De Wilde L, Plasschaert F, Cattoir H, Uyttendaele D. Examination of the back using the Bunnell scoliometer in a Belgian school population around puberty. Acta Orthop Belg. 1998;64(2):136–143.
    1. Coelho DM, Bonagamba GH, Oliveira AS. Scoliometer measurements of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Braz J Phys Ther. 2013;17(2):179–184. doi: 10.1590/S1413-35552012005000081.
    1. Carlson BB, Burton DC, Asher MA. Comparison of trunk and spine deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2013;8(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-8-2.
    1. Bonagamba GH, Coelho DM, de Oliveira AS. Inter and intra-rater reliability of the scoliometer. Rev Bras Fisioter São Carlos São Paulo Braz. 2010;14(5):432–438. doi: 10.1590/S1413-35552010005000025.
    1. Côté P, Kreitz BG, Cassidy JD, Dzus AK, Martel J. A study of the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the Scoliometer and Adam’s forward bend test. Spine. 1998;23(7):796–802. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199804010-00011.
    1. Suh S-W, Modi HN, Yang J-H, Hong J-Y. Idiopathic scoliosis in Korean schoolchildren: a prospective screening study of over 1 million children. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2011;20(7):1087–1094. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-1695-8.
    1. Samuelsson L, Norén L. Trunk rotation in scoliosis. The influence of curve type and direction in 150 children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1997;68(3):273–276. doi: 10.3109/17453679708996700.
    1. Qiao J, Xu L, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Liu Z, Qian B, et al. Inter- and intraobserver reliability assessment of the axial trunk rotation: manual versus smartphone-aided measurement tools. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15(1):343. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-343.
    1. Balg F, Juteau M, Theoret C, Svotelis A, Grenier G. Validity and reliability of the iPhone to measure rib hump in scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;
    1. Franko OI, Bray C, Newton PO. Validation of a scoliometer smartphone app to assess scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(8):e72–e75. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31826bb109.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Perisano C, Marzetti E, Menghi A, Giordano M, et al. Correlation between hump dimensions and curve severity in idiopathic scoliosis before and after conservative treatment. Spine. 2011;
    1. Ferraro C, Gottardo A. La misurazione del gibbo: studio critico mediante un dispositivo tascabile. Minerva Ortop Traumatol. 1993;44:637–643.
    1. The lev­el pro­trac­tor: a new sim­ple instru­ment to meas­ure Cobb ­angle and ­back ­hump. A val­i­da­tion ­study - Europa Medicophysica 2000 Dicembre;35(4):191–6 - Minerva Medica - Riviste [Internet]. Available from: . Cited 28 Feb 2016.
    1. Negrini S. Focus on flexed posture and hyperkyphosis: prevention and rehabilitation to reduce disability and increase quality of life. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(4):567–569.
    1. Bago J, Climent JM, Pineda S, Gilperez C. Further evaluation of the Walter reed visual assessment scale: correlation with curve pattern and radiological deformity. Scoliosis. 2007;2:12. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-12.
    1. Jakubowski TL, Alexy EM. Does school scoliosis screening make the grade? NASN Sch Nurse Print. 2014;29(5):258–265. doi: 10.1177/1942602X14542131.
    1. Płaszewski M, Bettany-Saltikov J. Are current scoliosis school screening recommendations evidence-based and up to date? A best evidence synthesis umbrella review. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2014;
    1. Sabirin J, Bakri R, Buang SN, Abdullah AT, Shapie A. School scoliosis screening programme-a systematic review. Med J Malaysia. 2010;65(4):261–267.
    1. Thilagaratnam S. School-based screening for scoliosis: is it cost-effective? Singap Med J. 2007;48(11):1012–1017.
    1. Plaszewski M, Nowobilski R, Kowalski P, Cieslinski M. Screening for scoliosis: different countries’ perspectives and evidence-based health care. Int J Rehabil Res Int Z Für Rehabil Rev Int Rech Réadapt. 2012;35(1):13–19.
    1. Grivas TB, Vasiliadis ES, Rodopoulos G. Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis. What have we learned from school screening? Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;140:240–244.
    1. Luk KDK, Lee CF, Cheung KMC, Cheng JCY, Ng BKW, Lam TP, et al. Clinical effectiveness of school screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a large population-based retrospective cohort study. Spine. 2010;35(17):1607–1614. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c7cb8c.
    1. Lee CF, Fong DYT, Cheung KMC, Cheng JCY, Ng BKW, Lam TP, et al. Referral criteria for school scoliosis screening: assessment and recommendations based on a large longitudinally followed cohort. Spine. 2010;35(25):E1492–E1498. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ecf3fe.
    1. Ugras AA, Yilmaz M, Sungur I, Kaya I, Koyuncu Y, Cetinus ME. Prevalence of scoliosis and cost-effectiveness of screening in schools in Turkey. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2010;23(1):45–48. doi: 10.3233/BMR-2010-0247.
    1. Leone A, Aulisa A, Perisano C, Re T, Galli M. Advantages of a two-step procedure for school-based scoliosis screening. Radiol Med (Torino) 2010;115(2):238–245. doi: 10.1007/s11547-009-0429-z.
    1. Knott P, Pappo E, Cameron M, Demauroy J, Rivard C, Kotwicki T, et al. SOSORT 2012 consensus paper: reducing x-ray exposure in pediatric patients with scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2014;9:4. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-4.
    1. Lindh M. The effect of sagittal curve changes on brace correction of idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1980;5(1):26–36. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198001000-00006.
    1. Roussouly P, Nnadi C. Sagittal plane deformity: an overview of interpretation and management. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2010;19(11):1824–1836. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1476-9.
    1. Zaina F, Negrini SEJPRM. Systematic continuous update on Cochrane reviews in rehabilitation: news from September 2010 to January 2011. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011;47(1):57–68.
    1. Horton WC, Brown CW, Bridwell KH, Glassman SD, Suk S-I, Cha CW. Is there an optimal patient stance for obtaining a lateral 36″ radiograph? A critical comparison of three techniques. Spine. 2005;30(4):427–433. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000153698.94091.f8.
    1. Marks M, Stanford C, Newton P. Which lateral radiographic positioning technique provides the most reliable and functional representation of a patient’s sagittal balance? Spine. 2009;34(9):949–954. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318199650a.
    1. Kotwicki T. Evaluation of scoliosis today: examination, X-rays and beyond. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(10):742–751. doi: 10.1080/09638280801889519.
    1. Weiss H-R, Elobeidi N. Comparison of the kyphosis angle evaluated by video rasterstereography (VRS) with x-ray measurements. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;140:137–139.
    1. Mac-Thiong J-M, Labelle H, Charlebois M, Huot M-P, de Guise JA. Sagittal plane analysis of the spine and pelvis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis according to the coronal curve type. Spine. 2003;28(13):1404–1409.
    1. Upasani VV, Tis J, Bastrom T, Pawelek J, Marks M, Lonner B, et al. Analysis of sagittal alignment in thoracic and thoracolumbar curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: how do these two curve types differ? Spine. 2007;32(12):1355–1359. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318059321d.
    1. Qiu X-S, Zhang J-J, Yang S-W, Lv F, Wang Z-W, Chiew J, et al. Anatomical study of the pelvis in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: anatomical study of the pelvis in AIS patients. J Anat. 2012;220(2):173–178. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01458.x.
    1. Vidal C, Ilharreborde B, Azoulay R, Sebag G, Mazda K. Reliability of cervical lordosis and global sagittal spinal balance measurements in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2013;22(6):1362–1367. doi: 10.1007/s00586-013-2752-2.
    1. Somoskeöy S, Tunyogi-Csapó M, Bogyó C, Illés T. Accuracy and reliability of coronal and sagittal spinal curvature data based on patient-specific three-dimensional models created by the EOS 2D/3D imaging system. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2012;12(11):1052–1059. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.10.002.
    1. Tayyab NA, Samartzis D, Altiok H, Shuff CE, Lubicky JP, Herman J, et al. The reliability and diagnostic value of radiographic criteria in sagittal spine deformities: comparison of the vertebral wedge ratio to the segmental cobb angle. Spine. 2007;32(16):E451–E459. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3180ca7d2d.
    1. Doherty KM, van de Warrenburg BP, Peralta MC, Silveira-Moriyama L, Azulay J-P, Gershanik OS, et al. Postural deformities in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(6):538–549. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70067-9.
    1. Beauchamp M, Labelle H, Grimard G, Stanciu C, Poitras B, Dansereau J. Diurnal variation of cobb angle measurement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1993;18(12):1581–1583. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199309000-00002.
    1. Omeroğlu H, Ozekin O, Biçimoğlu A. Measurement of vertebral rotation in idiopathic scoliosis using the Perdriolle torsionmeter: a clinical study on intraobserver and interobserver error. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 1996;5(3):167–171. doi: 10.1007/BF00395508.
    1. Weiss HR. Measurement of vertebral rotation: Perdriolle versus Raimondi. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 1995;4(1):34–38. doi: 10.1007/BF00298416.
    1. Mehta MH. The rib-vertebra angle in the early diagnosis between resolving and progressive infantile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1972;54(2):230–243.
    1. McAlindon RJ, Kruse RW. Measurement of rib vertebral angle difference. Intraobserver error and interobserver variation. Spine. 1997;22(2):198–199. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199701150-00013.
    1. Risser JC. The classic: the iliac Apophysis: an invaluable sign in the Management of Scoliosis. Clin Orthop. 2010;468(3):646–653. doi: 10.1007/s11999-009-1096-z.
    1. Malfair D, Flemming AK, Dvorak MF, Munk PL, Vertinsky AT, Heran MK, et al. Radiographic evaluation of scoliosis: review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(3 Suppl):S8–22. doi: 10.2214/AJR.07.7145.
    1. Sucato DJ. Management of severe spinal deformity: scoliosis and kyphosis. Spine. 2010;35(25):2186–2192. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181feab19.
    1. Jones SJ. What is the evidence justifying non-invasive SEP and MEP monitoring during spinal surgery? Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;59:305–310. doi: 10.1016/S1567-424X(09)70044-3.
    1. Fernández AA, Guerrero AI, Martínez MI, Vázquez MEA, Fernández JB, Chesa i Octavio E, et al. Malformations of the craniocervical junction (Chiari type I and syringomyelia: classification, diagnosis and treatment) BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10(Suppl 1):S1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-S1-S1.
    1. Stolinski L, Kotwicki T, Czaprowski D, Chowanska J, Suzuki N. Analysis of the Anterior Trunk Symmetry Index (ATSI). Preliminary report. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:242–246.
    1. Czaprowski D, Pawłowska P, Gębicka A, Sitarski D, Kotwicki T. Intra- and interobserver repeatability of the assessment of anteroposterior curvatures of the spine using Saunders digital inclinometer. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2012;14(2):145–153. doi: 10.5604/15093492.992283.
    1. Bago J, Sanchez-Raya J, Perez-Grueso FJS, Climent JM. The Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS): a new tool to evaluate subjective impression of trunk deformity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2010;5:6. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-6.
    1. Pineda S, Bago J, Gilperez C, Climent JM. Validity of the Walter reed visual assessment scale to measure subjective perception of spine deformity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2006;1:18. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-18.
    1. Mandel S, Schilling J, Peterson E, Rao DS, Sanders W. A retrospective analysis of vertebral body fractures following epidural steroid injections. J Bone Jt Surg - Am Vol. 2013;95(11):961–964. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00844.
    1. Prowse A, Pope R, Gerdhem P, Abbott A. Reliability and validity of inexpensive and easily administered anthropometric clinical evaluation methods of postural asymmetry measurement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2016;25(2):450–466. doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-3961-7.
    1. Stokes IAF. Research into spinal deformities 2. IOS press. 1999. p. 402.
    1. Durmała J, Blicharska I, Drosdzol-Cop A, Skrzypulec-Plinta V. The level of self-esteem and sexual functioning in women with idiopathic scoliosis: a preliminary study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(8):9444–9453. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120809444.
    1. Fortin C, Feldman DE, Cheriet F, Gravel D, Gauthier F, Labelle H. Reliability of a quantitative clinical posture assessment tool among persons with idiopathic scoliosis. Physiotherapy. 2012;98(1):64–75. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2010.12.006.
    1. Matamalas A, Bagó J, D’Agata E, Pellisé F. Reliability and validity study of measurements on digital photography to evaluate shoulder balance in idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2014;9(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s13013-014-0023-6.
    1. Aroeira RMC, Leal JS, de Melo Pertence AE. New method of scoliosis assessment: preliminary results using computerized photogrammetry. Spine. 2011;36(19):1584–1591. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f7cfaa.
    1. Goldberg CJ, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, Dowling FE. Surface topography and the several components of scoliotic deformity. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:67–69.
    1. De Sèze M, Randriaminahisoa T, Gaunelle A, de Korvin G, Mazaux J-M. Inter-observer reproducibility of back surface topography parameters allowing assessment of scoliotic thoracic gibbosity and comparison with two standard postures. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2013;56(9–10):599–612. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2013.10.003.
    1. Gipsman A, Rauschert L, Daneshvar M, Knott P. Evaluating the reproducibility of motion analysis scanning of the spine during walking. Adv Med. 2014;2014:721829. doi: 10.1155/2014/721829.
    1. Mangone M, Raimondi P, Paoloni M, Pellanera S, Di Michele A, Di Renzo S, et al. Vertebral rotation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis calculated by radiograph and back surface analysis-based methods: correlation between the Raimondi method and rasterstereography. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2013;22(2):367–371. doi: 10.1007/s00586-012-2564-9.
    1. Frerich JM, Hertzler K, Knott P, Mardjetko S. Comparison of radiographic and surface topography measurements in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Open Orthop J. 2012;6:261–265. doi: 10.2174/1874325001206010261.
    1. Hoppenfeld S, Lonner B, Murthy V, Gu Y. The rib epiphysis and other growth centers as indicators of the end of spinal growth. Spine. 2004;29(1):47–50. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000103941.50129.66.
    1. Zaina F, Pizzetti P, Donzelli S, Negrini F, Negrini S. Why X-rays are not reliable to assess sagittal profile: a cross sectional study. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:268–272.
    1. Zaina F, Atanasio S, Negrini S. Clinical evaluation of scoliosis during growth: description and reliability. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:125–138.
    1. Zaina F, Atanasio S, Ferraro C, Fusco C, Negrini A, Romano M, et al. Review of rehabilitation and orthopedic conservative approach to sagittal plane diseases during growth: hyperkyphosis, junctional kyphosis, and Scheuermann disease. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(4):595–603.
    1. D’Osualdo F, Schierano S, Iannis M. Validation of clinical measurement of kyphosis with a simple instrument, the arcometer. Spine. 1997;22(4):408–413. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199702150-00011.
    1. Białek M. Conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis according to FITS concept: presentation of the method and preliminary, short term radiological and clinical results based on SOSORT and SRS criteria. Scoliosis. 2011;6:25. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-25.
    1. Topalidou A, Tzagarakis G, Souvatzis X, Kontakis G, Katonis P. Evaluation of the reliability of a new non-invasive method for assessing the functionality and mobility of the spine. Acta Bioeng Biomech Wroc Univ Technol. 2014;16(1):117–124.
    1. Czaprowski D, Kotwicki T, Pawłowska P, Stoliński L. Joint hypermobility in children with idiopathic scoliosis: SOSORT award 2011 winner. Scoliosis. 2011;6:22. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-22.
    1. Czaprowski D. Generalised joint hypermobility in caucasian girls with idiopathic scoliosis: relation with age, curve size, and curve pattern. Sci World J. 2014;2014:370134. doi: 10.1155/2014/370134.
    1. Shuren N, Kasser JR, Emans JB, Rand F. Reevaluation of the use of the Risser sign in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1992;17(3):359–361. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199203000-00020.
    1. Czaprowski D, Pawłowska P, Stoliński L, Kotwicki T. Active self-correction of back posture in children instructed with “straighten your back” command. Man Ther. 2014;19(5):392–398. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2013.10.005.
    1. Erkula G, Kiter AE, Kilic BA, Er E, Demirkan F, Sponseller PD. The relation of joint laxity and trunk rotation. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2005;14(1):38–41. doi: 10.1097/01202412-200501000-00006.
    1. Longworth B, Fary R, Hopper D. Prevalence and predictors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent ballet dancers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(9):1725–1730. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.027.
    1. Czaprowski D, Kotwicki T, Stoliński L. Assessment of joint laxity in children and adolescents: a review of methods. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2012;14(5):407–420. doi: 10.5604/15093492.1016368.
    1. Beighton G, Bird HA. Hypermobility of joints. London: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013. p. 259.
    1. Czaprowski D, Kotwicki T, Biernat R, Urniaż J, Ronikier A. Physical capacity of girls with mild and moderate idiopathic scoliosis: influence of the size, length and number of curvatures. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2012;21(6):1099–1105. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-2068-z.
    1. Fabian KM, Rożek-Piechura K. Exercise tolerance and selected motor skills in young females with idiopathic scoliosis treated with different physiotherapeutic methods. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2014;16(5):507–522. doi: 10.5604/15093492.1128841.
    1. Huh S, Eun LY, Kim NK, Jung JW, Choi JY, Kim HS. Cardiopulmonary function and scoliosis severity in idiopathic scoliosis children. Korean J Pediatr. 2015;58(6):218–223. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.6.218.
    1. Dreimann M, Hoffmann M, Kossow K, Hitzl W, Meier O, Koller H. Scoliosis and chest cage deformity measures predicting impairments in pulmonary function: a cross-sectional study of 492 patients with scoliosis to improve the early identification of patients at risk. Spine. 2014;39(24):2024–2033. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000601.
    1. Yu W, Song K, Zhang Y, Zheng G-Q, Dong T. Relationship between lung volume and pulmonary function in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: computed tomographic-based three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction of lung parenchyma. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014;
    1. Sperandio EF, Alexandre AS, Yi LC, Poletto PR, Gotfryd AO, Vidotto MC, et al. Functional aerobic exercise capacity limitation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2014;
    1. Weiss H-R, Reichel D, Schanz J, Zimmermann-Gudd S. Deformity related stress in adolescents with AIS. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:347–351.
    1. Baldus C, Bridwell K, Harrast J, Shaffrey C, Ondra S, Lenke L, et al. The Scoliosis Research Society health-related quality of life (SRS-30) age-gender normative data: an analysis of 1346 adult subjects unaffected by scoliosis. Spine. 2011;36(14):1154–1162. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181fc8f98.
    1. Simony A, Hansen EJ, Carreon LY, Christensen SB, Andersen MO. Health-related quality-of-life in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients 25 years after treatment. Scoliosis. 2015;10:22. doi: 10.1186/s13013-015-0045-8.
    1. Chan SL, Cheung KM, Luk KD, Wong KW, Wong MS. A Correlation study between in-brace correction, compliance to spinal orthosis and health-related quality of life of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2014;9(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-1.
    1. Lai S-M, Burton DC, Asher MA, Carlson BB. Converting SRS-24, SRS-23, and SRS-22 to SRS-22r: establishing conversion equations using regression modeling. Spine. 2011;36(23):E1525–E1533. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182118adf.
    1. Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. Scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire: responsiveness to change associated with surgical treatment. Spine. 2003;28(1):70–73. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200301010-00016.
    1. Aulisa AG, Guzzanti V, Perisano C, Marzetti E, Specchia A, Galli M, et al. Determination of quality of life in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis subjected to conservative treatment. Scoliosis. 2010;5:21. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-21.
    1. Haidar RK, Kassak K, Masrouha K, Ibrahim K, Mhaidli H. Reliability and validity of an adapted Arabic version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22r questionnaire. Spine. 2015;
    1. Caronni A, Zaina F, Negrini S. Improving the measurement of health-related quality of life in adolescent with idiopathic scoliosis: the SRS-7, a Rasch-developed short form of the SRS-22 questionnaire. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(4):784–799. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.020.
    1. Jain A, Sponseller PD, Negrini S, Newton PO, Cahill PJ, Bastrom TP, et al. SRS-7: a valid, responsive, linear, and unidimensional functional outcome measure for operatively treated patients with AIS. Spine. 2015;40(9):650–655. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000836.
    1. Schwieger T, Campo S, Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Ashida S, Steuber KR. Body image and quality of life and brace wear adherence in females with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;
    1. Sanders JO, Harrast JJ, Kuklo TR, Polly DW, Bridwell KH, Diab M, et al. The spinal appearance questionnaire: results of reliability, validity, and responsiveness testing in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2007;32(24):2719–2722. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815a5959.
    1. Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care. 2001;39(8):800–812. doi: 10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006.
    1. Glassman SD, Berven S, Bridwell K, Horton W, Dimar JR. Correlation of radiographic parameters and clinical symptoms in adult scoliosis. Spine. 2005;30(6):682–688. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000155425.04536.f7.
    1. Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. Discrimination validity of the scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire: relationship to idiopathic scoliosis curve pattern and curve size. Spine. 2003;28(1):74–78. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200301010-00017.
    1. Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. The reliability and concurrent validity of the scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2003;28(1):63–69. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200301010-00015.
    1. Asher M, Lai SM, Burton D, Manna B. Trunk deformity correction stability following posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis for idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:469–472.
    1. Vasiliadis E, Grivas TB. Quality of life after conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;135:409–413.
    1. Vasiliadis E, Grivas TB, Savvidou O, Triantafyllopoulos G. The influence of brace on quality of life of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:352–356.
    1. Vasiliadis E, Grivas TB, Gkoltsiou K. Development and preliminary validation of brace questionnaire (BrQ): a new instrument for measuring quality of life of brace treated scoliotics. Scoliosis. 2006;1:7. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-7.
    1. Kotwicki T, Kinel E, Stryła W, Szulc A. Estimation of the stress related to conservative scoliosis therapy: an analysis based on BSSQ questionnaires. Scoliosis. 2007;2:1. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-1.
    1. Weiss H-R, Werkmann M, Stephan C. Brace related stress in scoliosis patients - comparison of different concepts of bracing. Scoliosis. 2007;2:10. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-10.
    1. Botens-Helmus C, Klein R, Stephan C. The reliability of the Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire (BSSQbrace) in adolescents with scoliosis during brace treatment. Scoliosis. 2006;1:22. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-22.
    1. Welcome to the AGREE Enterprise website. - AGREE Enterprise website [Internet]. Available from: . Cited 6 Mar 2016.
    1. Negrini S, Fusco C, Zaina F, Negrini A. Scoliosis manager for medical doctors: a new internet free tool to enhance medical approach to scoliosis worldwide. Scoliosis. 2010;5(Suppl 1):O42. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-S1-O42.
    1. McMaster MJ. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis: can it be prevented? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65(5):612–617.
    1. Fusco C, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Salvatore M, Zaina F, Negrini S. Low rate of surgery in juvenile idiopathic scoliosis treated with a complete and tailored conservative approach: end-growth results from a retrospective cohort. Scoliosis. 2014;9:12. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-9-12.
    1. Weiss H-R, Weiss G, Schaar H-J. Incidence of surgery in conservatively treated patients with scoliosis. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(2):111–118. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001593446.
    1. Rahman T, Sample W, Yorgova P, Neiss G, Rogers K, Shah S, et al. Electronic monitoring of orthopedic brace compliance. J Child Orthop. 2015:1–5.
    1. Donzelli S, Zaina F, Negrini S. Compliance monitor for scoliosis braces in clinical practice. J Child Orthop. 2015;
    1. Weiss HR, Weiss G. Meta analysis of prevalence of surgery in patients with scoliosis following conservative treatment. Int Res Soc Spinal Deform. 2004;2004:416–419.
    1. Dos Santos Alves VL, da Silva RJAL A, Avanzi O. Effect of a preoperative protocol of aerobic physical therapy on the quality of life of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical study. Am J Orthop Belle Mead NJ. 2014;43(6):E112–E116.
    1. de Mauroy J, Weiss HR, Aulisa AG, Aulisa L, Brox JI, Durmala J, et al. 7th SOSORT consensus paper: conservative treatment of idiopathic & Scheuermann’s kyphosis. Scoliosis. 2010;5(1):9. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-9.
    1. Levy AR, Goldberg MS, Mayo NE, Hanley JA, Poitras B. Reducing the lifetime risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1996;21(13):1540–1547. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199607010-00011.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する