Normal weight estonian prepubertal boys show a more cardiovascular-risk-associated adipose tissue distribution than austrian counterparts

Sandra J Wallner-Liebmann, Reinhard Moeller, Renate Horejsi, Toivo Jürimäe, Jaak Jürimäe, Jarek Mäestu, Priit Purge, Meeli Saar, Erwin Tafeit, Petra Kaimbacher, Renate Kruschitz, Daniel Weghuber, Wolfgang J Schnedl, Harald Mangge, Sandra J Wallner-Liebmann, Reinhard Moeller, Renate Horejsi, Toivo Jürimäe, Jaak Jürimäe, Jarek Mäestu, Priit Purge, Meeli Saar, Erwin Tafeit, Petra Kaimbacher, Renate Kruschitz, Daniel Weghuber, Wolfgang J Schnedl, Harald Mangge

Abstract

Objective. Risk phenotypes for cardiovascular disease (CVD) differ markedly between countries, like the reported high difference in CVD mortality in Austria and Estonia. Hitherto, the goal of this study was to find out risk profiles in body fat distribution yet present in childhood, paving the way for later clinical end points. Methods. he subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) distribution patterns in 553 Austrian (A) and Estonian (E) clinically healthy normal weight boys aged 11.1 (±0.8) years were analysed. We applied the patented optical device Lipometer which determines the individual subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top). Results. Total body fat did not differ significantly between E and A boys. A discriminant analysis using all Lipometer data, BMI, and the total body fat (TBF) yielded 84.6% of the boys correctly classified in Estonians and Austrians by 9 body sites. A factor analysis identified the SAT distribution of E as critically similar to male adult patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Conclusions. We show in normal weight Estonian boys a highly significant decreased fat accumulation on the lower body site compared to age matched Austrian males. This SAT-Top phenotype may play an important role for the increased cardiovascular risk seen in the Estonian population.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Factor analysis condenses the subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top) information at the trunk and the body sites at the extremities into a two-dimensional plot, where the position of each subject group is located (Austrian boys: rhombus; Estonian boys: triangle).

References

    1. Newey C, Nolte E, McKee M, Mossialos E. Avoidable Mortality in the Enlarged European Union. ISS Statistics, pp. 7–44, 2004.
    1. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet. 2002;360(9331):473–482.
    1. Jaeger U, Zellner K, Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Lüdde R, Eisele R, Hebebrand J. Body height, body weight and body mass index of German military recruits. Historical retrospect and current status. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 2001;59(3):251–273.
    1. Kaur H, Hyder ML, Poston WSC. Childhood overweight: an expanding problem. Treatments in Endocrinology. 2003;2(6):375–388.
    1. Pietrobelli A. Outcome measurements in paediatric obesity prevention trials. International Journal of Obesity. 2004;28(supplement 3):S86–S89.
    1. Pietrobelli A, Tatò L. Body composition measurements: from the past to the future. Acta Paediatrica. 2005;94(448):8–13.
    1. Druet C, Ong K, Levy Marchal C. Metabolic syndrome in children: comparison of the international diabetes federation 2007 consensus with an adapted national cholesterol education program definition in 300 overweight and obese French children. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2010;73(3):181–186.
    1. Maffeis C, Pietrobelli A, Grezzani A, Provera S, Tatò L. Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children. Obesity Research. 2001;9(3):179–187.
    1. McCarthy HD. Body fat measurements in children as predictors for the metabolic syndrome: focus on waist circumference. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2006;65(4):385–392.
    1. Suliga E. Visceral adipose tissue in children and adolescents: a review. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2009;22(2):137–147.
    1. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350(23):2362–2374.
    1. Möller R, Tafeit E, Smolle KH, et al. Estimating percentage total body fat and determining subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution with a new noninvasive optical device LIPOMETER. American Journal of Human Biology. 2000;12(2):221–230.
    1. Tafeit E, Möller R, Sudi K, Reibnegger G. Artificial neural networks as a method to improve the precision of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measurements by means of the optical device LIPOMETER. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2000;30(6):355–365.
    1. Kaimbacher PS, Dunitz-Scheer M, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, Scheer PJZ, Sudi K, Schnedl WJ. Decrease of total subcutaneous adipose tissue from infancy to childhood. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2011;53(5):553–560.
    1. Moeller R, Horejsi R, Pilz S, et al. Evaluation of risk profiles by subcutaneous adipose tissue topography in obese juveniles. Obesity. 2007;15(5):1319–1324.
    1. Tafeit E, Mller R, Sudi K, Horejsi R, Berg A, Reibnegger G. Orthogonal factor coefficient development of subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top) in girls and boys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2001;115(1):57–61.
    1. Wallner SJ, Luschnigg N, Schnedl WJ, et al. Body fat distribution of overweight females with a history of weight cycling. International Journal of Obesity. 2004;28(9):1143–1148.
    1. Niederlander H. Causes of death in the EU. KS-NK-06010-EN-N, 2006.
    1. Mangge H, Almer G, Haj-Yahya S, et al. Preatherosclerosis and adiponectin subfractions in obese adolescents. Obesity. 2008;16(12):2578–2584.
    1. Cole TJ. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;44(1):45–60.
    1. Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Kunze D, et al. Percentiles of body mass index in children and adolescents evaluated from different regional German studies. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde. 2001;149(8):807–818.
    1. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. British Medical Journal. 2000;320(7244):1240–1243.
    1. Horejsi R, Möller R, Pieber TR, et al. Differences of subcutaneous adipose tissue topography between type-2 diabetic men and healthy controls. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002;227(9):794–798.
    1. Vides H, Nilsson PM, Sarapuu V, Podar T, Isacsson, Scherstén BF. Diabetes and social conditions in Estonia: a population-based study. European Journal of Public Health. 2001;11(1):60–64.
    1. Power ML, Schulkin J. Sex differences in fat storage, fat metabolism, and the health risks from obesity: possible evolutionary origins. British Journal of Nutrition. 2008;99(5):931–940.
    1. Aucouturier J, Meyer M, Thivel D, Taillardat M, Duché P. Effect of android to gynoid fat ratio on insulin resistance in obese youth. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2009;163(9):826–831.
    1. Mangge H, Almer G, Haj-Yahya S, et al. Nuchal thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue is tightly associated with an increased LMW/total adiponectin ratio in obese juveniles. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203(1):277–283.
    1. Mangge H, Almer G, Truschnig-Wilders M, Schmidt A, Gasser R, Fuchs D. Inflammation, adiponectin, obesity and cardiovascular risk. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2010;17(36):4511–4520.
    1. Prüller F, Raggam RB, Posch V, et al. Trunk weighted obesity, cholesterol levels and low grade inflammation are main determinants for enhanced thrombin generation. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220(1):215–218.
    1. Addo OY, Himes JH. Reference curves for triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses in US children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;91(3):635–642.
    1. Sisson SB, Katzmarzyk PT, Srinivasan SR, et al. Ethnic differences in subcutaneous adiposity and waist girth in children and adolescents. Obesity. 2009;17(11):2075–2081.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する