Impact of iodine supplementation during preconception, pregnancy and lactation on maternal thyroid homeostasis and offspring psychomotor development: protocol of the IodineMinho prospective study

Maria Lopes-Pereira, Susana Roque, Patrício Costa, Anna Quialheiro, Nadine Correia Santos, Ana Goios, Laura Vilarinho, Margarida Correia-Neves, Joana Almeida Palha, Maria Lopes-Pereira, Susana Roque, Patrício Costa, Anna Quialheiro, Nadine Correia Santos, Ana Goios, Laura Vilarinho, Margarida Correia-Neves, Joana Almeida Palha

Abstract

Background: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable brain harm and cognitive impairment in children. Portuguese women of childbearing age, pregnant women and their progeny were shown to have inadequate iodine intake. Consequently, the Portuguese Health Authorities have recommended a daily supplementation with 150-200 µg iodine in preconception, pregnancy, and lactation. The IodineMinho study intends to evaluate whether (i) this recommendation impacted on the prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women from the Minho region of Portugal, (ii) the time of initiation of iodine supplementation (if any) influences the serum levels of thyroid hormones at several intervals during pregnancy and (iii) there are serum thyroid-hormone parameters in the 1st trimester of pregnancy that predict psychomotor development of the child at 18 months of age.

Methods: Most Portuguese women are followed throughout pregnancy in community Family Health Units, where family physicians may choose to follow the National recommendation or other, concerning iodine sufficiency. This study will recruit women (N = 304) who intend to become pregnant or are already pregnant from 10 representative Units. Physician's approach and prescriptions, sociodemographic, nutrition and clinical information will be obtained at baseline and throughout pregnancy. To evaluate endocrine function, blood and urine samples will be collected at recruitment, once in each trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and 3 months after delivery. Breastmilk samples will be collected for iodine and energy content analysis. Children will be evaluated for psychomotor development at 18 months. Maternal thyroid volume will be evaluated by ultrasound scan at baseline, in the 3rd trimester and at 3 months after delivery.

Discussion: Iodine deficiency early during development precludes children from achieving full intellectual capabilities. This protocol describes a study that is innovative and unique in its detailed and comprehensive evaluation of maternal and child endocrine and psychomotor parameters. By evaluating the effectiveness of the iodine supplementation recommendation, it will contribute to the public health systems' efforts to provide excellence in maternal and infant care.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04288531 . Registered 28 February 2020-Retrospectively registered.

Keywords: Child health; Iodine; Iodine deficiency; Iodine supplementation; Maternal health; Nutrition; Pregnancy; Psychomotor development; Public health intervention.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study overview and aims (This is an original image by the authors)

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