Birth Size, Early Life Weight Gain, and Midchildhood Cardiometabolic Health

Wei Perng, Hanine Hajj, Mandy B Belfort, Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman, Michael S Kramer, Matthew W Gillman, Emily Oken, Wei Perng, Hanine Hajj, Mandy B Belfort, Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman, Michael S Kramer, Matthew W Gillman, Emily Oken

Abstract

Objective: To examine associations of birth size and weight gain during 4 early-life age intervals with midchildhood adiposity and metabolic profile and to evaluate for an interaction between birth size and early-life weight gain.

Study design: Using data from 963 participants of Project Viva, a US prebirth cohort, we used multivariable linear regression to examine relations of birth size (tertiles of birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score) and weight gain (body mass index z-score [BMIZ] change) during 4 age intervals (birth-6 months, 6 months-1 year, 1-2 years, 2-3 years) with body composition and metabolic biomarkers during midchildhood (6.6-10.7 years).

Results: After accounting for confounders and previous growth, greater BMIZ change during all 4 age intervals corresponded with higher midchildhood adiposity, with larger effect sizes for later (1-2 years and 2-3 years) vs earlier (birth-6 months and 6 months-1 year) time frames. We observed effect modification by birth size for the birth-6 months and 6 months-1 year intervals. Greater birth-6 months BMIZ change was associated with higher overall adiposity (0.40 [95% CI 0.29, 0.51] kg dual x-ray absorptiometry total fat mass per z-score) among children in the highest birth size tertile. Similar associations were observed for central adiposity. Each increment in 6 months-1 year BMIZ change corresponded with 0.55 (0.05, 1.05) units higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and 2.68 (0.96, 4.40) ng/mL higher leptin among the smallest infants.

Conclusions: BMIZ gain after 1 year is associated with greater midchildhood adiposity regardless of birth size, whereas the long-term influence of weight gain during the first postnatal year may depend on size at birth. Future studies are warranted to validate findings and examine relations with conventional birth size cut-offs.

Keywords: birth size; cardiometabolic health; childhood adiposity; postnatal growth.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

References

    1. Lithell HO, McKeigue PM, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Lithell UB, Leon DA. Relation of size at birth to non-insulin dependent diabetes and insulin concentrations in men aged 50–60 years. BMJ. 1996;312:406–10.
    1. Hales CN, Barker DJ, Clark PM, Cox LJ, Fall C, Osmond C, et al. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ. 1991;303:1019–22.
    1. Valdez R, Athens MA, Thompson GH, Bradshaw BS, Stern MP. Birthweight and adult health outcomes in a biethnic population in the USA. Diabetologia. 1994;37:624–31.
    1. Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker DJ. Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: longitudinal study. BMJ. 2001;322:949–53.
    1. Baird J, Fisher D, Lucas P, Kleijnen J, Roberts H, Law C. Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. BMJ. 2005;331:929.
    1. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Belfort MB, Kleinman KP, Oken E, Gillman MW. Weight status in the first 6 months of life and obesity at 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1177–83.
    1. Sacco MR, de Castro NP, Euclydes VL, Souza JM, Rondo PH. Birth weight, rapid weight gain in infancy and markers of overweight and obesity in childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:1147–53.
    1. Min J, Li J, Li Z, Wang Y. Impacts of infancy rapid weight gain on 5-year childhood overweight development vary by age and sex in China. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7:365–73.
    1. Druet C, Stettler N, Sharp S, Simmons RK, Cooper C, Smith GD, et al. Prediction of childhood obesity by infancy weight gain: an individual-level meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26:19–26.
    1. Belfort MB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards J, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW. Size at birth, infant growth, and blood pressure at three years of age. J Pediatr. 2007;151:670–4.
    1. Leunissen RW, Kerkhof GF, Stijnen T, Hokken-Koelega A. Timing and tempo of first-year rapid growth in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in early adulthood. JAMA. 2009;301:2234–42.
    1. Fabricius-Bjerre S, Jensen RB, Faerch K, Larsen T, Molgaard C, Michaelsen KF, et al. Impact of birth weight and early infant weight gain on insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20595.
    1. Fagerberg B, Bondjers L, Nilsson P. Low birth weight in combination with catch-up growth predicts the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in men at late middle age: the Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance study. J Intern Med. 2004;256:254–9.
    1. Ekelund U, Ong K, Linne Y, Neovius M, Brage S, Dunger DB, et al. Upward weight percentile crossing in infancy and early childhood independently predicts fat mass in young adults: the Stockholm Weight Development Study (SWEDES) Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:324–30.
    1. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sherry B, Oken E, Haines J, Kleinman K, et al. Crossing growth percentiles in infancy and risk of obesity in childhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:993–8.
    1. Ong KK, Loos RJ. Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obesity: systematic reviews and hopeful suggestions. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:904–8.
    1. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Bowers CY. Somatotropic and gonadotropic axes linkages in infancy, childhood, and the puberty-adult transition. Endocr Rev. 2006;27:101–40.
    1. Ekelund U, Ong KK, Linne Y, Neovius M, Brage S, Dunger DB, et al. Association of weight gain in infancy and early childhood with metabolic risk in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:98–103.
    1. Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Magnussen CG, Venn AJ. Predictive associations between alternative measures of childhood adiposity and adult cardio-metabolic health. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;35:38–45.
    1. Camhi SM, Katzmarzyk PT. Tracking of cardiometabolic risk factor clustering from childhood to adulthood. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5:122–9.
    1. Lakshmi S, Metcalf B, Joglekar C, Yajnik CS, Fall CH, Wilkin TJ. Differences in body composition and metabolic status between white U.K. and Asian Indian children (EarlyBird 24 and the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study) Pediatr Obes. 2012;7:347–54.
    1. Oken E, Baccarelli AA, Gold DR, Kleinman KP, Litonjua AA, De Meo D, et al. Cohort Profile: Project Viva. Int J Epidemiol. 2014
    1. Oken E, Kleinman KP, Rich-Edwards J, Gillman MW. A nearly continuous measure of birth weight for gestational age using a United States national reference. BMC Pediatr. 2003;3:6.
    1. Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, Scanlon KS, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW. Misdiagnosis of overweight and underweight children younger than 2 years of age due to length measurement bias. MedGenMed. 2005;7:56.
    1. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
    1. World Health Organizaton. WHO child growth standards: height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index for-age: methods and development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organizaton; 2006.
    1. de Onis M, Garza C, Victora C, Bhan M, Norum K. The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS): rationale, planning, and implementaton. Food Nutr Bull. 2004;25:S1–S89.
    1. Kakinami L, Henderson M, Chiolero A, Cole TJ, Paradis G. Identifying the best body mass index metric to assess adiposity change in children. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99:1020–4.
    1. Inokuchi M, Matsuo N, Takayama JI, Hasegawa T. BMI z-score is the optimal measure of annual adiposity change in elementary school children. Ann Hum Biol. 2011;38:747–51.
    1. Perng W, Gillman MW, Mantzoros CS, Oken E. A prospective study of maternal prenatal weight and offspring cardiometabolic health in midchildhood. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24:793–800. e1.
    1. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11. 2002:1–190.
    1. Gavrila A, Peng CK, Chan JL, Mietus JE, Goldberger AL, Mantzoros CS. Diurnal and ultradian dynamics of serum adiponectin in healthy men: comparison with leptin, circulating soluble leptin receptor, and cortisol patterns. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2838–43.
    1. Gavrila A, Chan JL, Yiannakouris N, Kontogianni M, Miller LC, Orlova C, et al. Serum adiponectin levels are inversely associated with overall and central fat distribution but are not directly regulated by acute fasting or leptin administration in humans: cross-sectional and interventional studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4823–31.
    1. Kutner MH, Mactsheim CJ, Neter J. Applied Linear Regression Models. 4th. McGraw-Hill Irwin; 2004.
    1. Regnault N, Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Eggleston E, Oken E. Sex-specific associations of gestational glucose tolerance with childhood body composition. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3045–53.
    1. Dabelea D. The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(Suppl 2):S169–74.
    1. Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (Wiley classics library) Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience; 2004.
    1. Barker DJ. The developmental origins of chronic adult disease. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2004;93:26–33.
    1. Ibanez L, Ong K, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2153–8.
    1. Mericq V, Ong KK, Bazaes R, Pena V, Avila A, Salazar T, et al. Longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion from birth to age three years in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age children. Diabetologia. 2005;48:2609–14.
    1. Soto N, Bazaes RA, Pena V, Salazar T, Avila A, Iniguez G, et al. Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related to catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age infants at age 1 year: results from a prospective cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3645–50.
    1. Kramer MS, Martin RM, Bogdanovich N, Vilchuk K, Dahhou M, Oken E. Is restricted fetal growth associated with later adiposity? Observational analysis of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:176–81.
    1. Biosca M, Rodriguez G, Ventura P, Samper MP, Labayen I, Collado MP, et al. Central adiposity in children born small and large for gestational age. Nutr Hosp. 2011;26:971–6.
    1. Crume TL, Scherzinger A, Stamm E, McDuffie R, Bischoff KJ, Hamman RF, et al. The long-term impact of intrauterine growth restriction in a diverse U.S. cohort of children: the EPOCH study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014;22:608–15.
    1. Dolan MS, Sorkin JD, Hoffman DJ. Birth weight is inversely associated with central adipose tissue in healthy children and adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1600–8.
    1. Elia M, Betts P, Jackson DM, Mulligan J. Fetal programming of body dimensions and percentage body fat measured in prepubertal children with a 4-component model of body composition, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, densitometry, and skinfold thicknesses. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:618–24.
    1. Yliharsila H, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Forsen T, Barker DJ, Eriksson JG. Birth size, adult body composition and muscle strength in later life. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1392–9.
    1. Tu YK, West R, Ellison GT, Gilthorpe MS. Why evidence for the fetal origins of adult disease might be a statistical artifact: the “reversal paradox” for the relation between birth weight and blood pressure in later life. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:27–32.
    1. Sachdev HS, Fall CH, Osmond C, Lakshmy R, Dey Biswas SK, Leary SD, et al. Anthropometric indicators of body composition in young adults: relation to size at birth and serial measurements of body mass index in childhood in the New Delhi birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:456–66.
    1. Guilherme A, Virbasius JV, Puri V, Czech MP. Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9:367–77.
    1. Calabro P, Yeh ET. Obesity, inflammation, and vascular disease: the role of the adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Subcell Biochem. 2007;42:63–91.
    1. Zhang S, Liu X, Brickman WJ, Christoffel KK, Zimmerman D, Tsai HJ, et al. Association of plasma leptin concentrations with adiposity measurements in rural Chinese adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:3497–504.
    1. Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian S. Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome: relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers. J Pediatr. 2008;152:177–84.
    1. Li H, Stein AD, Barnhart HX, Ramakrishnan U, Martorell R. Associations between prenatal and postnatal growth and adult body size and composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1498–505.
    1. Haney EM, Huffman LH, Bougatsos Cea . Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2007.
    1. Grummer-Strawn LM, Reinold C, Krebs NF. Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0–59 months in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:1–15.
    1. Bluford DA, Sherry B, Scanlon KS. Interventions to prevent or treat obesity in preschool children: a review of evaluated programs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1356–72.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する