Impact of preconceptional micronutrient supplementation on maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum: results from a randomized controlled trial in Vietnam

Phuong H Nguyen, Ann M DiGirolamo, Ines Gonzalez-Casanova, Hoa Pham, Wei Hao, Hieu Nguyen, Truong V Truong, Son Nguyen, Kimberly B Harding, Gregory A Reinhart, Reynaldo Martorell, Usha Ramakrishnan, Phuong H Nguyen, Ann M DiGirolamo, Ines Gonzalez-Casanova, Hoa Pham, Wei Hao, Hieu Nguyen, Truong V Truong, Son Nguyen, Kimberly B Harding, Gregory A Reinhart, Reynaldo Martorell, Usha Ramakrishnan

Abstract

Background: Micronutrient malnutrition has been associated with maternal depressive symptoms (MDS), but little is known about the effects of preconceptional micronutrient supplementation. This paper examined the effects of preconceptional micronutrient supplementation on MDS during pregnancy and postpartum.

Methods: We used data from a double-blind controlled trial (PRECONCEPT) in which 5011 Vietnamese women were randomized to receive weekly supplements containing either a) multiple micronutrients (MM) b) iron and folic acid (IFA) or c) folic acid (FA) until conception (n = 1813). Maternal mental health was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) at baseline (preconception), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during pregnancy and 3 months postpartum. Elevated MDS was defined as EPDS score ≥ 4. All group comparisons were done using ANOVA or chi-square tests of proportions intention to treat and per protocol analyses (women consumed supplements ≥26 weeks before conception). We also conducted stratified analyses by preconception CES-D scores, underweight, or anemia status using generalized linear models.

Results: Baseline CES-D scores were similar across treatment groups. The proportion of women experiencing elevated MDS was 11.3, 8.1 and 4.9% at first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively, and 3.6% at 3 mo postpartum. Mean EPDS scores at first (1.5 ± 2.7), second (1.1 ± 2.4), and third trimester of pregnancy (0.7 ± 2.0) and early postpartum (0.6 ± 1.8) were low and did not differ by treatment group. However, among women in the highest tertile of CES-D scores at preconception, mean EPDS scores in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy were lower in the MM and IFA groups compared to FA only (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Weekly preconceptional micronutrient supplements containing iron did not improve depression measures relative to folic acid alone among all women, but may have benefitted women who were at risk for depression.

Trial registration: The trial was registered retrospectively at ClinicalTrials.Gov as NCT01665378 on August 13, 2012.

Keywords: Mental health; Multiple micronutrient; Preconception; Randomized controlled trial; Supplement; Vietnam; Women of reproductive age.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of participant progress throughout the study. EPDS - Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, FA - folic acid, IFA - iron and folic acid, MM - Multiple micronutrient
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mean EPDS score during pregnancy and postpartum, by treatment group and baseline level of depressive symptoms1,2.a Low tertile CESD score (n = 725), (b) Middle tertile CESD score (n = 468), (c) High tertile CESD score (n = 423). 1P = 0.001 and 0.047 for interaction between treatment group and high tertile level of depressive symptoms for mean EPDS score at first and second trimester, respectively 2. Baseline CESD score: low tertile: score 0–1, middle tertile: score 2–4. High tertile: score 5–46.CESD Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression

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