Urothelial carcinoma management in elderly or unfit patients

Joaquim Bellmunt, Nicolas Mottet, Maria De Santis, Joaquim Bellmunt, Nicolas Mottet, Maria De Santis

No abstract available

Keywords: Chemotherapy; Cisplatin; Cisplatin ‘unfit’ patients; Upper tract urothelial carcinoma; Urothelial carcinoma; Vinflunine.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The G-8 geriatric screening tool (based on [19]). ADL, activities of daily living; CISR-G, cumulative illness rating scale for geriatrics; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Distribution of primary therapies received by MIBC patients by age group . Reproduced with permission. © European Association of Urology 2012.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Proposed flowchart for the management of UTUC .*In patients with solitary kidney, consider a more conservative approach. CT, computed tomography; RNU, radical nephroureterectomy; UTUC, upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma.

References

    1. Globocan 2012: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Available from: (accessed April 2015).
    1. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World population ageing: 1950–2050. Available from: (accessed April 2015).
    1. Gore J.L., Litwin M.S., Lai J. Use of radical cystectomy for patients with invasive bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:802–811.
    1. Gray P.J., Fedewa S.A., Shipley W.U. Use of potentially curative therapies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the United States: results from the National Cancer Data Base. Eur Urol. 2013;63:823–829.
    1. Balar A., Bajorin D.F., Milowsky M.I. Management of invasive bladder cancer in patients who are not candidates for or decline cystectomy. Ther Adv Urol. 2011;3:107–117.
    1. Pal S.K., Hurria A. Impact of age, sex, and comorbidity on cancer therapy and disease progression. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4086–4093.
    1. Coresh J., Selvin E., Stevens L.A. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038–2047.
    1. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:S1–S266.
    1. Stern S., Behar S., Gottlieb S. Cardiology patient pages. Aging and diseases of the heart. Circulation. 2003;108:e99–e101.
    1. Griebling T.L., editor. Geriatric Urology. Springer Science & Business; 1 January 2014.
    1. Crome P., Lally F., Cherubini A. Exclusion of older people from clinical trials: professional views from nine European countries participating in the PREDICT study. Drugs Aging. 2011;28:667–677.
    1. Pallis A.G., Ring A., Fortpied C. EORTC workshop on clinical trial methodology in older individuals with a diagnosis of solid tumors. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:1922–1926.
    1. Hutchins L.F., Unger J.M., Crowley J.J., Coltman C.A., Jr., Albain K.S. Underrepresentation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer-treatment trials. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:2061–2067.
    1. Galsky M.D., Krege S., Lin C.C. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy in septuagenarians with metastatic urothelial cancer. Urol Oncol. 2014;32:30.e15–30.e21.
    1. Decoster L., Van Puyvelde K., Mohile S. Screening tools for multidimensional health problems warranting a geriatric assessment in older cancer patients: an update on SIOG recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:288–300.
    1. Wildiers H., Heeren P., Puts M. International Society of Geriatric Oncology consensus on geriatric assessment in older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2595–2603.
    1. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®). Older Adult Oncology Version 2. 2015. Available from: – age (accessed 9 November 2015).
    1. Wedding U., Kodding D., Pientka L., Steinmetz H.T., Schmitz S. Physicians' judgement and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) select different patients as fit for chemotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007;64:1–9.
    1. Bellera C.A., Rainfray M., Mathoulin-Pélissier S. Screening older cancer patients: first evaluation of the G-8 geriatric screening tool. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:2166–2172.
    1. Balducci L., Extermann M. Management of cancer in the older person: a practical approach. Oncologist. 2000;5:224–237.
    1. Guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. European Association of Urology; 2015.
    1. Fleshner N.E., Herr H.W., Stewart A.K., Murphy G.P., Mettlin C., Menck H.R. The National Cancer Data Base report on bladder carcinoma. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer. 1996;78:1505–1513.
    1. Nielsen M.E., Shariat S.F., Karakiewicz P.I. Advanced age is associated with poorer bladder cancer-specific survival in patients treated with radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51:699–706. discussion-8.
    1. Snyder C., Harlan L., Knopf K., Potosky A., Kaplan R. Patterns of care for the treatment of bladder cancer. J Urol. 2003;169:1697–1701.
    1. Goossens-Laan C.A., Leliveld A.M., Verhoeven R.H. Effects of age and comorbidity on treatment and survival of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 2014;135:905–912.
    1. Horovitz D., Turker P., Bostrom P.J. Does patient age affect survival after radical cystectomy? BJU Int. 2012;110:E486–E493.
    1. Chromecki T.F., Mauermann J., Cha E.K. Multicenter validation of the prognostic value of patient age in patients treated with radical cystectomy. World J Urol. 2012;30:753–759.
    1. Zakaria A.S., Santos F., Dragomir A., Tanguay S., Kassouf W., Aprikian A.G. Postoperative mortality and complications after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in Quebec: a population-based analysis during the years 2000–2009. Can Urol Assoc J. 2014;8:259–267.
    1. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol. 2005;48:202–205. discussion 5–6.
    1. Griffiths G., Hall R., Sylvester R., Raghavan D., Parmar M.K. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2171–2177.
    1. Leow J.J., Martin-Doyle W., Rajagopal P.S. Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a 2013 updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Urol. 2014;66:42–54.
    1. Abdollah F., Sun M., Shariat S.F. The importance of pelvic lymph node dissection in the elderly population: implications for interpreting the 2010 National Comprehensive Cancer Network practice guidelines for bladder cancer treatment. J Urol. 2011;185:2078–2084.
    1. Sternberg C.N., Skoneczna I., Kerst J.M. Immediate versus deferred chemotherapy after radical cystectomy in patients with pT3-pT4 or N+ M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (EORTC 30994): an intergroup, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:76–86.
    1. Coppin C.M., Gospodarowicz M.K., James K. Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:2901–2907.
    1. Hoskin P.J., Rojas A.M., Bentzen S.M., Saunders M.I. Radiotherapy with concurrent carbogen and nicotinamide in bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4912–4918.
    1. James N.D., Hussain S.A., Hall E. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1477–1488.
    1. Mak R.H., Hunt D., Shipley W.U. Long-term outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after selective bladder-preserving combined-modality therapy: a pooled analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3801–3809.
    1. Rene N.J., Cury F.B., Souhami L. Conservative treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Curr Oncol. 2009;16:36–47.
    1. Ploussard G., Daneshmand S., Efstathiou J.A. Critical analysis of bladder sparing with trimodal therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2014;66:120–137.
    1. Chamie K., Hu B., Devere White R.W., Ellison L.M. Cystectomy in the elderly: does the survival benefit in younger patients translate to the octogenarians? BJU Int. 2008;102:284–290.
    1. Solsona E., Iborra I., Ricos J.V., Monros J.L., Casanova J., Calabuig C. Feasibility of transurethral resection for muscle infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder: long-term followup of a prospective study. J Urol. 1998;159:95–98. discussion 8–9.
    1. Herr H.W. Transurethral resection of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: 10-year outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:89–93.
    1. Ma B., Li H., Zhang C. Lymphovascular invasion, ureteral reimplantation and prior history of urothelial carcinoma are associated with poor prognosis after partial cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with negative pelvic lymph nodes. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2013;39:1150–1156.
    1. Holzbeierlein J.M., Lopez-Corona E., Bochner B.H. Partial cystectomy: a contemporary review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience and recommendations for patient selection. J Urol. 2004;172:878–881.
    1. Malkowicz S.B., van Poppel H., Mickisch G. Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urology. 2007;69:3–16.
    1. Dandekar N.P., Tongaonkar H.B., Dalal A.V., Kulkarni J.N., Kamat M.R. Partial cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1995;60:24–29.
    1. Knoedler J., Frank I. Organ-sparing surgery in urology: partial cystectomy. Curr Opin Urol. 2015;25:111–115.
    1. Turgeon G.A., Souhami L., Cury F.L. Hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy in combined modality treatment for bladder preservation in elderly patients with invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;88:326–331.
    1. Lacarriere E., Smaali C., Benyoucef A., Pfister C., Grise P. The efficacy of hemostatic radiotherapy for bladder cancer-related hematuria in patients unfit for surgery. Int Braz J Urol. 2013;39:808–816.
    1. Kouloulias V., Tolia M., Kolliarakis N., Siatelis A., Kelekis N. Evaluation of acute toxicity and symptoms palliation in a hypofractionated weekly schedule of external radiotherapy for elderly patients with muscular invasive bladder cancer. Int Braz J Urol. 2013;39:77–82.
    1. Zygogianni A., Kouloulias V., Armpilia C. A weekly hypofractionated radiotherapeutic schedule for bladder carcinoma in elderly patients: local response, acute and late toxicity, dosimetric parameters and pain relief. J BUON. 2013;18:407–412.
    1. von der Maase H., Hansen S.W., Roberts J.T. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3068–3077.
    1. von der Maase H., Sengelov L., Roberts J.T. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4602–4608.
    1. Sternberg C.N., de Mulder P., Schornagel J.H. Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:50–54.
    1. Galsky M.D., Chen G.J., Oh W.K. Comparative effectiveness of cisplatin-based and carboplatin-based chemotherapy for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:406–410.
    1. Petrioli R., Frediani B., Manganelli A. Comparison between a cisplatin-containing regimen and a carboplatin-containing regimen for recurrent or metastatic bladder cancer patients. A randomized phase II study. Cancer. 1996;77:344–351.
    1. Bellmunt J., Ribas A., Eres N. Carboplatin-based versus cisplatin-based chemotherapy in the treatment of surgically incurable advanced bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80:1966–1972.
    1. Dogliotti L., Carteni G., Siena S. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Eur Urol. 2007;52:134–141.
    1. Sonpavde G., Watson D., Tourtellott M. Frequency of cisplatin administration in patients presenting with advanced urothelial carcinoma in the community. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30 abstr 285.
    1. Galsky M.D., Chowdhury S., Bellmunt J. Treatment patterns and outcomes in “real world” patients (pts) with metastatic urothelial cancer (UC) J Clin Oncol. 2013;31 abstr 4525.
    1. Bamias A., Peroukidis S., Stamatopoulou S. Utilization of systemic chemotherapy in advanced urothelial cancer: a retrospective collaborative study by the Hellenic Genitourinary Cancer Group (HGUCG) Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015 (in press)
    1. Dash A., Galsky M.D., Vickers A.J. Impact of renal impairment on eligibility for adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer. 2006;107:506–513.
    1. Nogue-Aliguer M., Carles J., Arrivi A. Gemcitabine and carboplatin in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract: an alternative therapy. Cancer. 2003;97:2180–2186.
    1. De Santis M., Bachner M. New developments in first- and second-line chemotherapy for transitional cell, squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Curr Opin Urol. 2007;17:363–368.
    1. Galsky M.D., Hahn N.M., Rosenberg J. Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2432–2438.
    1. Witjes J.A., Comperat E., Cowan N.C. EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2013 guidelines. Eur Urol. 2014;65:778–792.
    1. Yamamoto N., Tamura T., Maeda M. The influence of ageing on cisplatin pharmacokinetics in lung cancer patients with normal organ function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1995;36:102–106.
    1. Raj G.V., Iasonos A., Herr H., Donat S.M. Formulas calculating creatinine clearance are inadequate for determining eligibility for cisplatin-based chemotherapy in bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3095–3100.
    1. de Lusignan S., Chan T., Gallagher H. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) management in southeast England: a preliminary cross-sectional report from the QICKD – Quality Improvement in Chronic Kidney Disease study. Prim Care Cardiovasc J. 2009;2:33–39.
    1. Grisold W., Cavaletti G., Windebank A.J. Peripheral neuropathies from chemotherapeutics and targeted agents: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14(Suppl. 4):iv45–iv54.
    1. Herr H.W. Outcome of patients who refuse cystectomy after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2008;54:126–132.
    1. Sternberg C.N., Pansadoro V., Calabro F. Can patient selection for bladder preservation be based on response to chemotherapy? Cancer. 2003;97:1644–1652.
    1. Meyer A., Ghandour R., Bergman A. The natural history of clinically complete responders to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 2014;192:696–701.
    1. Carles J., Nogue M., Domenech M. Carboplatin-gemcitabine treatment of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and impaired renal function. Oncology. 2000;59:24–27.
    1. Bellmunt J., de Wit R., Albanell J., Baselga J. A feasibility study of carboplatin with fixed dose of gemcitabine in “unfit” patients with advanced bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2212–2215.
    1. Linardou H., Aravantinos G., Efstathiou E. Gemcitabine and carboplatin combination as first-line treatment in elderly patients and those unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy with advanced bladder carcinoma: phase II study of the Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group. Urology. 2004;64:479–484.
    1. Bamias A., Lainakis G., Kastritis E. Biweekly carboplatin/gemcitabine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: report of efficacy, quality of life and geriatric assessment. Oncology. 2007;73:290–297.
    1. De Santis M., Bellmunt J., Mead G. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:191–199.
    1. Vaughn D.J., Manola J., Dreicer R., See W., Levitt R., Wilding G. Phase II study of paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urothelium and renal dysfunction (E2896): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer. 2002;95:1022–1027.
    1. Calabro F., Lorusso V., Rosati G. Gemcitabine and paclitaxel every 2 weeks in patients with previously untreated urothelial carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115:2652–2659.
    1. Ricci S., Galli L., Chioni A. Gemcitabine plus epirubicin in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma who are not eligible for platinum-based regimens. Cancer. 2002;95:1444–1450.
    1. Culine S., Flechon A., Guillot A. Gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a randomized phase 2 study of the French Genitourinary Tumor Group (GETUG V01) Eur Urol. 2011;60:1251–1257.
    1. Galsky M.D., Iasonos A., Mironov S., Scattergood J., Boyle M.G., Bajorin D.F. Phase II trial of dose-dense doxorubicin plus gemcitabine followed by paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma and impaired renal function. Cancer. 2007;109:549–555.
    1. Balar A.V., Apolo A.B., Ostrovnaya I. Phase II study of gemcitabine, carboplatin, and bevacizumab in patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:724–730.
    1. Bellmunt J., Gonzalez-Larriba J.L., Prior C. Phase II study of sunitinib as first-line treatment of urothelial cancer patients ineligible to receive cisplatin-based chemotherapy: baseline interleukin-8 and tumor contrast enhancement as potential predictive factors of activity. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:2646–2653.
    1. De Santis M., Bellmunt J., Mead G. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: phase II–results of EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5634–5639.
    1. De Santis M., Wiechno P.J., Lucas C. Mature survival (OS) data of a randomised international phase II trial (JASINT1): vinflunine (VFL)-gemcitabine (GEM) vs. VFL-CBDCA in CDDP-unfit patients (Pts) with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iv280–iv304. (812PD)
    1. Ko Y.J., Canil C.M., Mukherjee S.D. Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single group, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:769–776.
    1. Yafi F.A., North S., Kassouf W. First- and second-line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Curr Oncol. 2011;18:e25–e34.
    1. von der Maase H. Gemcitabine in transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003;3:11–19.
    1. Albers P., Park S.I., Niegisch G. Randomized phase III trial of 2nd line gemcitabine and paclitaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer: short-term versus prolonged treatment [German Association of Urological Oncology (AUO) trial AB 20/99] Ann Oncol. 2011;22:288–294.
    1. Sternberg C.N., Vogelzang N.J. Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed and other newer agents in urothelial and kidney cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;46(Suppl):S105–S115.
    1. Kaufmann D.S., Carducci M.A., Kuzel T. Gemcitabine (G) and paclitaxel (P) every two weeks (GP2w): a completed multicenter phase II trial in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (UC) Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;21(1):192a. Abstr 767.
    1. Wong Y., Litwin S., Plimack E.R. Effect of EGFR inhibition with cetuximab on the efficacy of paclitaxel in previously treated metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29 abstr 243.
    1. Choueiri T.K., Ross R.W., Jacobus S. Double-blind, randomized trial of docetaxel plus vandetanib versus docetaxel plus placebo in platinum-pretreated metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:507–512.
    1. Petrylak D.P., Tagawa S.T., Kohli M. Interim results of a randomized phase 2 study of docetaxel with ramucirumab versus docetaxel in second-line advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 abstr 295.
    1. Srinivas S., Narayanan S., Harshman L.C. Phase II study of pazopanib with weekly paclitaxel in refractory urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 abstr 294.
    1. Bellmunt J., Fougeray R., Rosenberg J.E. Long-term survival results of a randomized phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone in advanced urothelial carcinoma patients after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:1466–1472.
    1. Bellmunt J., Choueiri T.K., Fougeray R. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract experiencing treatment failure with platinum-containing regimens. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1850–1855.
    1. Sonpavde G., Pond G.R., Fougeray R. Time from prior chemotherapy enhances prognostic risk grouping in the second-line setting of advanced urothelial carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of pooled, prospective phase 2 trials. Eur Urol. 2013;63:717–723.
    1. Serrate C., Pouessel D., Gauthier H., le Maignan C., Teixeira L., Culine S. Vinflunine for the treatment of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma: recent evidence from clinical trials and observational studies. Clinic Investig. 2014;4:305–311.
    1. Hussain S.A., Ansari J., Huddart R.A. VICTOR: vinflunine (Vin) in advanced metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium (TCCU)—a retrospective analysis of use of Vin in multicenter, real life setting as second-line chemotherapy (ChT) through free-of charge-programme (FOCP) for patients (pts) in the UK. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 abstr 352.
    1. Castellano D., Puente J., de Velasco G. Safety and effectiveness of vinflunine in patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract after failure of one platinum-based systemic therapy in clinical practice. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:779.
    1. Pistamaltzian N., Tzannis K., Pissanidou V. Treatment of relapsed urothelial bladder cancer with vinflunine: real-world evidence by the Hellenic Genitourinary Cancer Group. Anticancer Drugs. 2016;27:48–53.
    1. Aapro M.S., Bohlius J., Cameron D.A. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:8–32.
    1. Isambert N., Delord J.P., Tourani J.M. How to manage intravenous vinflunine in cancer patients with renal impairment: results of a pharmacokinetic and tolerability phase I study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77:498–508.
    1. Tourani J.M., Mourey L., Servent V. Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of i.v. vinflunine: results of a phase I trial in elderly cancer patients. Journal of Geriatric Oncology. 2012;3:41–48.
    1. Guidelines on urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. European Association of Urology; 2015.
    1. Capitanio U., Shariat S.F., Isbarn H. Comparison of oncologic outcomes for open and laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: a multi-institutional analysis of 1249 cases. Eur Urol. 2009;56:1–9.
    1. Lughezzani G., Sun M., Perrotte P. Should bladder cuff excision remain the standard of care at nephroureterectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis? A population-based study. Eur Urol. 2010;57:956–962.
    1. Xylinas E., Rink M., Cha E.K. Impact of distal ureter management on oncologic outcomes following radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2014;65:210–217.
    1. Margulis V., Shariat S.F., Matin S.F. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer. 2009;115:1224–1233.
    1. Ito A., Shintaku I., Satoh M. Prospective randomized phase II trial of a single early intravesical instillation of pirarubicin (THP) in the prevention of bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: the THP Monotherapy Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1422–1427.
    1. O'Brien T., Ray E., Singh R., Coker B., Beard R. Prevention of bladder tumours after nephroureterectomy for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a prospective, multicentre, randomised clinical trial of a single postoperative intravesical dose of mitomycin C (the ODMIT-C Trial) Eur Urol. 2011;60:703–710.
    1. Knowles M.A., Hurst C.D. Molecular biology of bladder cancer: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical diversity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15:25–41.
    1. Martin-Doyle W., Leow J.J., Orsola A., Chang S.L., Bellmunt J. Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade t1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15,215 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:643–650.
    1. Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Eur Urol 2005;48:189–199; discussion 99–201.
    1. Svatek R.S., Shariat S.F., Lasky R.E. The effectiveness of off-protocol adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:4461–4467.
    1. Van Allen E.M., Mouw K.W., Kim P. Somatic ERCC2 mutations correlate with cisplatin sensitivity in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2014;4:1140–1153.
    1. Groenendijk F.H., de Jong J., Fransen van de Putte E.E. ERBB2 mutations characterize a subgroup of muscle-invasive bladder cancers with excellent response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur Urol. 2015;69:384–388.
    1. Dinney C.P., Hansel D., McConkey D. Novel neoadjuvant therapy paradigms for bladder cancer: results from the National Cancer Center Institute Forum. Urol Oncol. 2014;32:1108–1115.
    1. Choudhury A., Nelson L.D., Teo M.T. MRE11 expression is predictive of cause-specific survival following radical radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70:7017–7026.
    1. Lautenschlaeger T., George A., Klimowicz A.C. Bladder preservation therapy for muscle-invading bladder cancers on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials 8802, 8903, 9506, and 9706: vascular endothelial growth factor B overexpression predicts for increased distant metastasis and shorter survival. Oncologist. 2013;18:685–686.
    1. Bellmunt J., Selvarajah S., Rodig S. Identification of ALK gene alterations in urothelial carcinoma. PLoS One. 2014;9:e103325.
    1. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature. 2014;507:315–322.
    1. Iyer G., Hanrahan A.J., Milowsky M.I. Genome sequencing identifies a basis for everolimus sensitivity. Science. 2012;338:221.
    1. Sequist L.V., Cassier P., Varga A. American Association for Cancer Research; Philadelphia: 2014. Phase I study of BGJ398, a selective pan-FGFR inhibitor in genetically preselected advanced solid tumors. abstr. CT326.
    1. Bahleda R., Dienstmann R., Adamo B. Phase 1 study of JNJ-42756493, a pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32 abstr 2501.
    1. Bellmunt J., Mullane S.A., Werner L. Association of PD-L1 expression on tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells and overall survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:812–817.
    1. Powles T., Eder J.P., Fine G.D. MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. Nature. 2014;515:558–562.
    1. Kim J.W., Bellmunt J., Powles T. Clinical activity, safety, and biomarkers of MPDL3280A in metastatic urothelial bladder cancer: additional analysis from phase IA study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 abstr 297.
    1. Perou C.M., Sorlie T., Eisen M.B. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406:747–752.
    1. McConkey D.J., Choi W., Dinney C.P. New insights into subtypes of invasive bladder cancer: considerations of the clinician. Eur Urol. 2014;66:609–610.
    1. Siefker-Radtke A.O., Choi W., Porten S.P. The basal subtype to predict clinical benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy: final results from a phase II clinical trial of DDMVAC plus bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 abstr 291.
    1. Bellmunt J., Orsola A., Leow J.J., Wiegel T., De Santis M., Horwich A. Bladder cancer: ESMO Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(Suppl. 3):iii40–iii48.
    1. Bennouna J., Delord J.P., Campone M., Nguyen L. Vinflunine: a new microtubule inhibitor agent. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:1625–1632.
    1. Aparicio L.A., Castosa R., Haz-Conde M. Role of the microtubule-targeting drug vinflunine on cell-cell adhesions in bladder epithelial tumour cells. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:507.
    1. Pourroy B., Honore S., Pasquier E. Antiangiogenic concentrations of vinflunine increase the interphase microtubule dynamics and decrease the motility of endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66:3256–3263.
    1. Kruczynski A., Poli M., Dossi R. Anti-angiogenic, vascular-disrupting and anti-metastatic activities of vinflunine, the latest vinca alkaloid in clinical development. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2821–2832.
    1. Aparicio L.M., Pulido E.G., Gallego G.A. Vinflunine: a new vision that may translate into antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activity. Anticancer Drugs. 2012;23:1–11.
    1. Ciuleanu T., Brodowicz T., Zielinski C. Maintenance pemetrexed plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care for non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2009;374:1432–1440.
    1. Cappuzzo F., Ciuleanu T., Stelmakh L. Erlotinib as maintenance treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:521–529.
    1. Paz-Ares L.G., de Marinis F., Dediu M. PARAMOUNT: final overall survival results of the phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo immediately after induction treatment with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2895–2902.
    1. Grivas P.D., Daignault S., Tagawa S.T. Double-blind, randomized, phase 2 trial of maintenance sunitinib versus placebo after response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Cancer. 2014;120:692–701.
    1. Powles T., Huddart R.A., Elliott T. A phase II/III, double-blind, randomized trial comparing maintenance lapatinib versus placebo after first line chemotherapy in HER1/2 positive metastatic bladder cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 abstr 4505.
    1. Bellmunt J., Perez Valderrama B., Font A. Maintenance vinflunine post cisplatin chemotherapy (CT) in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC): preliminary analysis of a randomized placebo controlled phase II trial (MAJA trial)—SOGUG 2011-02. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 Abstract 4529.

Source: PubMed

3
購読する