Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression

Michelle Nicole Burns, Mark Begale, Jennifer Duffecy, Darren Gergle, Chris J Karr, Emily Giangrande, David C Mohr, Michelle Nicole Burns, Mark Begale, Jennifer Duffecy, Darren Gergle, Chris J Karr, Emily Giangrande, David C Mohr

Abstract

Background: Mobile phone sensors can be used to develop context-aware systems that automatically detect when patients require assistance. Mobile phones can also provide ecological momentary interventions that deliver tailored assistance during problematic situations. However, such approaches have not yet been used to treat major depressive disorder.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility, functional reliability, and patient satisfaction with Mobilyze!, a mobile phone- and Internet-based intervention including ecological momentary intervention and context sensing.

Methods: We developed a mobile phone application and supporting architecture, in which machine learning models (ie, learners) predicted patients' mood, emotions, cognitive/motivational states, activities, environmental context, and social context based on at least 38 concurrent phone sensor values (eg, global positioning system, ambient light, recent calls). The website included feedback graphs illustrating correlations between patients' self-reported states, as well as didactics and tools teaching patients behavioral activation concepts. Brief telephone calls and emails with a clinician were used to promote adherence. We enrolled 8 adults with major depressive disorder in a single-arm pilot study to receive Mobilyze! and complete clinical assessments for 8 weeks.

Results: Promising accuracy rates (60% to 91%) were achieved by learners predicting categorical contextual states (eg, location). For states rated on scales (eg, mood), predictive capability was poor. Participants were satisfied with the phone application and improved significantly on self-reported depressive symptoms (beta(week) = -.82, P < .001, per-protocol Cohen d = 3.43) and interview measures of depressive symptoms (beta(week) = -.81, P < .001, per-protocol Cohen d = 3.55). Participants also became less likely to meet criteria for major depressive disorder diagnosis (b(week) = -.65, P = .03, per-protocol remission rate = 85.71%). Comorbid anxiety symptoms also decreased (beta(week) = -.71, P < .001, per-protocol Cohen d = 2.58).

Conclusions: Mobilyze! is a scalable, feasible intervention with preliminary evidence of efficacy. To our knowledge, it is the first ecological momentary intervention for unipolar depression, as well as one of the first attempts to use context sensing to identify mental health-related states. Several lessons learned regarding technical functionality, data mining, and software development process are discussed.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01107041; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT01107041 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/60CVjPH0n).

Conflict of interest statement

None declared

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A mobile phone-driven context-aware system (OS = operating system, SMS = short message service)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Decision tree model predicting location from sensor values, generated from a research staff member’s state ratings and sensor data (potentially identifying information has been altered)
Figure 3
Figure 3
Screenshot, ecological momentary assessment of location on the mobile phone
Figure 4
Figure 4
Graphical feedback available to users on the website (blue bars denote locations that a participant reported on the mobile phone, and the frequency with which each location was reported; the green line denotes the participant’s average reported mood in each location)
Figure 5
Figure 5
Flow of participants through the trial (QIDS = Quick Inventory of Depression Symptoms-Clinician Rated)

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