Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Abstract

Background: Oxytocin is the commonest induction agent used worldwide. It has been used alone, in combination with amniotomy or following cervical ripening with other pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods.

Objectives: To determine the effects of oxytocin alone for third trimester cervical ripening and induction of labour in comparison with other methods of induction of labour or placebo/no treatment.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (January 2009) and bibliographies of relevant papers.

Selection criteria: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing intravenous oxytocin with placebo or no treatment, or with prostaglandins (vaginal or intracervical) for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility and carried out data extraction.

Main results: Sixty-one trials (12,819 women) are included.When oxytocin inductions were compared with expectant management, fewer women failed to deliver vaginally within 24 hours (8.4% versus 53.8%, risk ratio (RR) 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10 to 0.25). There was a significant increase in the number of women requiring epidural analgesia (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.17). Fewer women were dissatisfied with oxytocin induction in the one trial reporting this outcome (5.9% versus 13.7%, RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.56).Compared with vaginal prostaglandins, oxytocin increased unsuccessful vaginal delivery within 24 hours in the two trials reporting this outcome (70% versus 21%, RR 3.33, 95% CI 1.61 to 6.89). There was a small increase in epidurals when oxytocin alone was used (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17).Most of the studies included women with ruptured membranes, and there was some evidence that vaginal prostaglandin increased infection in mothers (chorioamnionitis RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.92) and babies (use of antibiotics RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.87). These data should be interpreted cautiously as infection was not pre-specified in the original review protocol.When oxytocin was compared with intracervical prostaglandins, there was an increase in unsuccessful vaginal delivery within 24 hours (50.4% versus 34.6%, RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.96) and an increase in caesarean sections (19.1% versus 13.7%, RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.74) in the oxytocin group.

Authors' conclusions: Comparison of oxytocin with either intravaginal or intracervical PGE2 reveals that the prostaglandin agents probably increase the chances of achieving vaginal birth within 24 hours. Oxytocin induction may increase the rate of interventions in labour.A suggestion that for women with prelabour rupture of membranes induction with vaginal prostaglandin may increase risk of infection for mother and baby warrants further study.

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1.1. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.

1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

1.5. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

1.8. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

1.9. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.

1.10. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

1.11. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

1.12. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

1.13. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score

1.14. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

1.16. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

1.19. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 19 Nausea.

1.20. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.

1.21. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.

1.23. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

1.26. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 26 Woman not satisfied.

1.28. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

1.29. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

1.30. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

1.31. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

1.32. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

1.33. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

1.34. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

1.35. Analysis

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

2.8. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

2.10. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

2.11. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

2.13. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score

2.14. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

2.16. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

2.23. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

2.28. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

2.29. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

2.31. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

2.32. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

2.33. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

2.34. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

2.35. Analysis

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

3.10. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

3.11. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

3.12. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

3.13. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score

3.14. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

3.16. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

3.32. Analysis

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

4.1. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Caesarean section.

4.2. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Apgar score

4.3. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

4.4. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 4 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

4.11. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

4.13. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score

4.16. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

4.23. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

4.28. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

4.29. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

4.31. Analysis

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

5.3. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

5.4. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

5.5. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

5.6. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 6 Uterine rupture.

5.7. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 7 Epidural analgesia.

5.8. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 8 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

5.9. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 9 Meconium‐stained liquor.

5.10. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 10 Apgar score

5.11. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

5.12. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 12 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

5.13. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Nausea.

5.14. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 14 Vomiting.

5.15. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 15 Diarrhoea.

5.16. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 16 Postpartum haemorrhage.

5.17. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 17 Woman not satisfied.

5.18. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 18 Chorioamnionitis.

5.19. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 19 Endometritis.

5.20. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal antibiotics.

5.21. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 21 Neonatal infection.

5.22. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 22 Neonatal antibiotics.

5.24. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 24 Apgar score

5.25. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 25 Neonatal jaundice.

5.26. Analysis

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 26 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death.

6.8. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

6.10. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

6.11. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

6.12. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

6.13. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score

6.14. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

6.16. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

6.20. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.

6.23. Analysis

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death.

7.8. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

7.10. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

7.11. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

7.13. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score

7.14. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

7.20. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.

7.23. Analysis

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx : all women, previous CS, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

9.3. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

9.4. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

9.5. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

9.6. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

9.8. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

9.9. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.

9.10. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

9.11. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

9.12. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

9.13. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score

9.14. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

9.16. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.

9.18. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

9.19. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

9.20. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

9.21. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

9.23. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

9.26. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

9.28. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

9.29. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

9.30. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

9.31. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

9.32. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

9.33. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

9.35. Analysis

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

10.6. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

10.8. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

10.10. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

10.11. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

10.12. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

10.13. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score

10.16. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.

10.19. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

10.20. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

10.21. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

10.23. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

10.26. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

10.29. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

10.30. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

10.31. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

10.32. Analysis

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

11.5. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

11.6. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

11.8. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

11.11. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

11.13. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score

11.18. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

11.19. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

11.23. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

11.26. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

11.35. Analysis

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation.

12.11. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

12.13. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score

12.35. Analysis

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 35 Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.

13.8. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

13.9. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.

13.10. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

13.11. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

13.12. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

13.13. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score

13.14. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

13.16. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.

13.19. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

13.20. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

13.21. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

13.23. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

13.26. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

13.28. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

13.29. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

13.30. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

13.31. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

13.32. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

13.33. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

13.35. Analysis

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 35 Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

14.3. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

14.4. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

14.8. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

14.10. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

14.11. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

14.13. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score

14.14. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

14.19. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

14.20. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

14.21. Analysis

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

15.3. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

15.4. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

15.8. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

15.10. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

15.11. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

15.13. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score

15.14. Analysis

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

16.8. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

16.11. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

16.13. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score

16.16. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

16.18. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

16.19. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

16.20. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

16.21. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

16.23. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

16.26. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

16.28. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

16.29. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

16.31. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

16.35. Analysis

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

17.6. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

17.8. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

17.11. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

17.13. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score

17.18. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

17.20. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

17.21. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

17.23. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

17.26. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

17.28. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

17.29. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

17.31. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

17.35. Analysis

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

18.8. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

18.13. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score

18.18. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

18.20. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

18.21. Analysis

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 4 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 6 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

19.7. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 7 Apgar score

19.8. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 8 Apgar score

19.11. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Postpartum haemorrhage.

19.13. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Women not satisfied.

19.18. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

19.19. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

19.20. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

19.21. Analysis

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

20.11. Analysis

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

20.13. Analysis

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score

20.28. Analysis

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

20.29. Analysis

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

20.31. Analysis

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

21.8. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

21.11. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

21.13. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score

21.18. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

21.19. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

21.20. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

21.21. Analysis

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

22.11. Analysis

Comparison 22 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 1 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death.

23.4. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 4 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.

23.5. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

23.6. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 6 Epidural analgesia.

23.7. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 7 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

23.8. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 8 Perinatal death.

23.9. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 9 Vomiting.

23.10. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 10 Diarrhoea.

23.11. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 11 Chorioamnionitis.

23.12. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 12 Endometritis.

23.13. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 13 Neonatal infection.

23.14. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal jaundice.

23.15. Analysis

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 15 Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute.