An eHealth Intervention for Promoting COVID-19 Knowledge and Protective Behaviors and Reducing Pandemic Distress Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (#SafeHandsSafeHearts)

Peter A Newman, Venkatesan Chakrapani, Charmaine Williams, Notisha Massaquoi, Suchon Tepjan, Surachet Roungprakhon, Pakorn Akkakanjanasupar, Carmen Logie, Shruta Rawat, Peter A Newman, Venkatesan Chakrapani, Charmaine Williams, Notisha Massaquoi, Suchon Tepjan, Surachet Roungprakhon, Pakorn Akkakanjanasupar, Carmen Logie, Shruta Rawat

Abstract

Background: Existing data on COVID-19 disparities among vulnerable populations portend excess risk for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) and other persons outside of heteronormative and cisgender identities (ie, LGBT+). Owing to adverse social determinants of health, including pervasive HIV and sexual stigma, harassment, violence, barriers in access to health care, and existing health and mental health disparities, sexual and gender minorities in India and Thailand are at disproportionate risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease. Despite global health disparities among LGBT+ populations, there is a lack of coordinated, community-engaged interventions to address the expected excess burden of COVID-19 and public health-recommended protective measures.

Objective: We will implement a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief, peer-delivered eHealth intervention to increase COVID-19 knowledge and public health-recommended protective behaviors, and reduce psychological distress among LGBT+ people residing in Bangkok, Thailand, and Mumbai, India. Subsequent to the RCT, we will conduct exit interviews with purposively sampled subgroups, including those with no intervention effect.

Methods: SafeHandsSafeHearts is a 2-site, parallel waitlist-controlled RCT to test the efficacy of a 3-session, peer counselor-delivered eHealth intervention based on motivational interviewing and psychoeducation. The study methods, online infrastructure, and content were pilot-tested with LGBT+ individuals in Toronto, Canada, before adaptation and rollout in the other contexts. The primary outcomes are COVID-19 knowledge (index based on US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] items), protective behaviors (index based on World Health Organization and US CDC guidelines), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2), and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2). Secondary outcomes include loneliness, COVID-19 stress, and intended care-seeking. We will enroll 310 participants in each city aged 18 years and older. One-third of the participants will be cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men; one-third will be cisgender lesbian, bisexual, and other women who have sex with women; and one-third will be transfeminine, transmasculine, and gender nonbinary people. Participants will be equally stratified in the immediate intervention and waitlist control groups. Participants are mainly recruited from online social media accounts of community-based partner organizations. They can access the intervention on a computer, tablet, or mobile phone. SafeHandsSafeHearts involves 3 sessions delivered weekly over 3 successive weeks. Exit interviews will be conducted online with 3 subgroups (n=12 per group, n=36 in each city) of purposively selected participants to be informed by RCT outcomes and focal populations of concern.

Results: The RCT was funded in 2020. The trials started recruitment as of August 1, 2021, and all RCT data collection will likely be completed by January 31, 2022.

Conclusions: The SafeHandsSafeHearts RCT will provide evidence about the effectiveness of a brief, peer-delivered eHealth intervention developed for LGBT+ populations amid the COVID-19 pandemic. If the intervention proves effective, it will provide a basis for future scale-up in India and Thailand, and other low- and middle-income countries.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04870723; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04870723.

International registered report identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/34381.

Keywords: COVID-19; India; LGBT+; RCT; Thailand; eHealth; protective behaviors; psychological distress.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Peter A Newman, Venkatesan Chakrapani, Charmaine Williams, Notisha Massaquoi, Suchon Tepjan, Surachet Roungprakhon, Pakorn Akkakanjanasupar, Carmen Logie, Shruta Rawat. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 10.12.2021.

References

    1. WHO health emergency dashboard: India situation. World Health Organization. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): WHO Thailand situation report-203. World Health Organization Country Office for Thailand. 2021. Sep 30, [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) Thailand situation. Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health Thailand. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. WHO health emergency dashboard. Thailand situation. World Health Organization. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Dahab M, van Zandvoort K, Flasche S, Warsame A, Ratnayake R, Favas C, Spiegel PB, Waldman RJ, Checchi F. COVID-19 control in low-income settings and displaced populations: what can realistically be done? Confl Health. 2020 Jul 31;14(1):54–56. doi: 10.1186/s13031-020-00296-8. 296
    1. World Bank Open Data-Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) The World Bank. 2021. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Understanding the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic through data. The World Bank. [2021-11-30].
    1. Xu S, Li Y. Beware of the second wave of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020 Apr 25;395(10233):1321–1322. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30845-X. S0140-6736(20)30845-X
    1. Li L, Lee S, Thammawijaya P, Jiraphongsa C, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Stigma, social support, and depression among people living with HIV in Thailand. AIDS Care. 2009 Aug 17;21(8):1007–1013. doi: 10.1080/09540120802614358. 915041371
    1. Ojanen T, Newman PA, Ratanashevorn R, van Wijngaarden JWL, Tepjan S. Whose paradise? An intersectional perspective on mental health and gender/sexual diversity in Thailand. In: Nakamura N, Logie CH, editors. LGBTQ Mental Health: International Perspectives and Experiences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2019. pp. 137–151.
    1. Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Shunmugam M, McLuckie A, Melwin F. Structural violence against Kothi-identified men who have sex with men in Chennai, India: a qualitative investigation. AIDS Educ Prev. 2007 Aug;19(4):346–364. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2007.19.4.346.
    1. Chakrapani V, Kaur M, Newman PA, Mittal S, Kumar R. Syndemics and HIV-related sexual risk among men who have sex with men in India: influences of stigma and resilience. Cult Health Sex. 2019 Apr 20;21(4):416–431. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2018.1486458.
    1. Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Shunmugam M. Stigma and mental health of self-identified men who have sex with men and hijras/trans women in India. In: Nakamura N, Logie CH, editors. LGBT mental health: International perspectives and experiences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2019. pp. 103–119.
    1. Logie CH, Newman PA, Weaver J, Roungkraphon S, Tepjan S. HIV-related stigma and HIV prevention uptake among young men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016 Feb;30(2):92–100. doi: 10.1089/apc.2015.0197.
    1. Newman PA, Lee S, Roungprakhon S, Tepjan S. Demographic and behavioral correlates of HIV risk among men and transgender women recruited from gay entertainment venues and community-based organizations in Thailand: implications for HIV prevention. Prev Sci. 2012 Oct 20;13(5):483–492. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0275-4.
    1. Solomon S, Mehta S, Srikrishnan A, Vasudevan CK, Mcfall AM, Balakrishnan P, Anand S, Nandagopal P, Ogburn EL, Laeyendecker O, Lucas GM, Solomon S, Celentano DD. High HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM across 12 cities in India. AIDS. 2015 Mar 27;29(6):723–731. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000602. 00002030-201503270-00010
    1. National integrated biological and behavioural surveillance (IBBS), India 2014-15. National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2015. Dec, [2021-11-30]. .
    1. HIV facts and figures. National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2018. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Wandrekar JR, Nigudkar AS. What do we know about LGBTQIA+ mental health in India? A review of research from 2009 to 2019. J Psychosex Health. 2020 Apr 24;2(1):26–36. doi: 10.1177/2631831820918129.
    1. Wilkerson JM, Di Paola A, Rawat S, Patankar P, Rosser BRS, Ekstrand ML. Substance use, mental health, HIV testing, and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men in the state of Maharashtra, India. AIDS Educ Prev. 2018 Apr;30(2):96–107. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2018.30.2.96.
    1. Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Shunmugam M, Logie CH, Samuel M. Syndemics of depression, alcohol use, and victimisation, and their association with HIV-related sexual risk among men who have sex with men and transgender women in India. Glob Public Health. 2017 Feb 12;12(2):250–265. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1091024.
    1. Country factsheets Thailand 2020: HIV and AIDS estimates. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2021. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Kittiteerasack P, Matthews AK, Steffen A, Corte C, McCreary LL, Bostwick W, Park C, Johnson TP. The influence of minority stress on indicators of suicidality among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults in Thailand. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2021 Aug;28(4):656–669. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12713.
    1. Kongsuk T, Arunpongphaisan S, Peanchan W. The prevalence of major depressive disorders in Thailand: Results from the epidemiology of mental disorders national survey 2008. Ministry of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Thailand. 2013. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Guadamuz TE, Wimonsate W, Varangrat A, Phanuphak P, Jommaroeng R, McNicholl JM, Mock PA, Tappero JW, van Griensven F. HIV prevalence, risk behavior, hormone use and surgical history among transgender persons in Thailand. AIDS Behav. 2011 Apr 20;15(3):650–658. doi: 10.1007/s10461-010-9850-5.
    1. Yadegarfard M, Meinhold-Bergmann M, Ho R. Family rejection, social isolation, and loneliness as predictors of negative health outcomes (depression, suicidal ideation, and sexual risk behavior) among Thai male-to-female transgender adolescents. J LGBT Youth. 2014 Oct 10;11(4):347–363. doi: 10.1080/19361653.2014.910483.
    1. Patel SA, Bangorn S, Aramrattana A, Limaye R, Celentano DD, Lee J, Sherman SG. Elevated alcohol and sexual risk behaviors among young Thai lesbian/bisexual women. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Jan 01;127(1-3):53–58. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.010. S0376-8716(12)00227-X
    1. Boonkerd S. Prevalence of depression, problem recognition and coping strategies among lesbians, in Northeastern Thailand. J Nurs Sci Health. 2014;37(2):92–101.
    1. Guadamuz TE, Boonmongkon P. Ice parties among young men who have sex with men in Thailand: Pleasures, secrecy and risks. Int J Drug Policy. 2018 May;55:249–255. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.04.005. S0955-3959(18)30106-3
    1. Sapsirisavat V, Phanuphak N, Keadpudsa S, Egan JE, Pussadee K, Klaytong P, Reuel Friedman M, van Griensven F, Stall R, FAITH Study Team, et al Psychosocial and behavioral characteristics of high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM) of unknown HIV positive serostatus in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS Behav. 2016 Dec;20(Suppl 3):386–397. doi: 10.1007/s10461-016-1519-2.10.1007/s10461-016-1519-2
    1. Mahidol University. Plan International Thailand. UNESCO Bullying targeting secondary school students who are or are perceived to be transgender or same-sex attracted: types, prevalence, impact, motivation and preventive measures in 5 provinces of Thailand. UNESCO. 2014. [2021-11-30]. .
    1. Meier BM, Gostin LO. Framing human rights in global health governance. In: Meier BM, Gostin LO, editors. Human rights in global health: rights-based governance for a globalizing world. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2018. May 21,
    1. Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1891–1892. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6548.2764789
    1. Orcutt M, Patel P, Burns R, Hiam L, Aldridge R, Devakumar D, Kumar B, Spiegel P, Abubakar I. Global call to action for inclusion of migrants and refugees in the COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020 May 09;395(10235):1482–1483. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30971-5. S0140-6736(20)30971-5
    1. Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jun 01;180(6):817–818. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562.2764404
    1. Pachankis JE. Uncovering clinical principles and techniques to address minority stress, mental health, and related health risks among gay and bisexual men. Clin Psychol. 2014 Dec;21(4):313–330. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12078.
    1. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003 Sep;129(5):674–697. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. 2003-99991-002
    1. Salerno JP, Williams ND, Gattamorta KA. LGBTQ populations: psychologically vulnerable communities in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Trauma. 2020 Aug;12(S1):S239–S242. doi: 10.1037/tra0000837. 2020-41743-001
    1. Klomek AB. Suicide prevention during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 May;7(5):390. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30142-5. S2215-0366(20)30142-5
    1. Report says Thailand’s suicide rate increasing during coronavirus pandemic. Thai Public Broadcasting Service. 2020. Apr 25, [2021-11-30].
    1. Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, Chu C, Wong P, Tsang KW, Chua SE. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;52(4):233–240. doi: 10.1177/070674370705200405.
    1. Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Sebastian A, Rawat S, Shunmugam M, Sellamuthu P. The impact of COVID-19 on economic well-being and health outcomes among transgender women in India. Transgender Health. 2021 Apr 15;:online ahead of print. doi: 10.1089/trgh.2020.0131.
    1. Farrés-Juste O. Social determinants of health: citizenship rights and responsibilities. In: Vallverdú J, Puyol A, Estany A, editors. Philosophical and methodological debates in public health. Switzerland: Springer; 2019. Oct, pp. 125–136.
    1. O'Sullivan T, Bourgoin M. Vulnerability in an influenza pandemic: Looking beyond medical risk. Homeless Hub, Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. 2010. Oct, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Banerjee D, Rao TSS. "The graying minority": lived experiences and psychosocial challenges of older transgender adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, a qualitative exploration. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:604472. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.604472.
    1. Krause K. Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on LGBTQ Communities. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27(Suppl 1):S69–S71. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001273.00124784-202101001-00012
    1. Sanchez TH, Zlotorzynska M, Rai M, Baral SD. Characterizing the impact of COVID-19 on men who have sex with men across the United States in April, 2020. AIDS Behav. 2020 Jul;24(7):2024–2032. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02894-2. 10.1007/s10461-020-02894-2
    1. Winwood JJ, Fitzgerald L, Gardiner B, Hannan K, Howard C, Mutch A. Exploring the social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV (PLHIV): a scoping review. AIDS Behav. 2021 Dec;25(12):4125–4140. doi: 10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1. 10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1
    1. Shiau S, Krause KD, Valera P, Swaminathan S, Halkitis PN. The burden of COVID-19 in people living with HIV: a syndemic perspective. AIDS Behav. 2020 Aug;24(8):2244–2249. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02871-9. 10.1007/s10461-020-02871-9
    1. Ross J, Diaz CM, Starrels JL. The disproportionate burden of COVID-19 for immigrants in the Bronx, New York. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 01;180(8):1043–1044. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2131.2765826
    1. Wenham C, Smith J, Morgan R, Gender COVID-19 Working Group COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet. 2020 Mar 14;395(10227):846–848. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2. S0140-6736(20)30526-2
    1. Hernandez SM, Sparks PJ. Barriers to health care among adults With minoritized identities in the United States, 2013–2017. Am J Public Health. 2020 Jun;110(6):857–862. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305598.
    1. The Lancet India under COVID-19 lockdown. Lancet. 2020 Apr 25;395(10233):1315. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30938-7. S0140-6736(20)30938-7
    1. Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) Ontario, Canada: 2018. [2021-12-01].
    1. Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Simoni JM, Kim H, Lehavot K, Walters KL, Yang J, Hoy-Ellis CP, Muraco A. The health equity promotion model: reconceptualization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014 Nov;84(6):653–663. doi: 10.1037/ort0000030. 2014-57192-008
    1. Pan American Health Organization. World Health Organization Addressing the causes of disparities in health service access and utilization for lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) persons. IRIS PAHO. 2013. Sep, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Banik S, Dodge B, Schmidt-Sane M, Sivasubramanian M, Bowling J, Rawat SM, Dange A, Anand V. Humanizing an invisible population in India: voices from bisexual men concerning identity, life experiences, and sexual health. Arch Sex Behav. 2019 Jan;48(1):305–316. doi: 10.1007/s10508-018-1361-x. 10.1007/s10508-018-1361-x
    1. O'Sullivan TL, Phillips KP. From SARS to pandemic influenza: the framing of high-risk populations. Nat Hazards (Dordr) 2019;98(1):103–117. doi: 10.1007/s11069-019-03584-6. 3584
    1. Driedger SM, Maier R, Jardine C. ‘Damned if you do, and damned if you don’t’: communicating about uncertainty and evolving science during the H1N1 influenza pandemic. J Risk Res. 2018 Apr 29;24(5):574–592. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459793.
    1. COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition (CCRC) Coronavirus: three things all governments and their science advisers must do now. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7799):319–320. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00772-4.10.1038/d41586-020-00772-4
    1. Nature Coronavirus: three things all governments and their science advisers must do now. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7799):319–320. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00772-4.10.1038/d41586-020-00772-4
    1. Haynes S. ‘There’s always a rainbow after the rain.’ Challenged by coronavirus, LGBTQ communities worldwide plan digital pride celebrations. Time. 2020. May 07, [2021-12-01].
    1. Gonçalves-Sá J. In the fight against the new coronavirus outbreak, we must also struggle with human bias. Nat Med. 2020 Mar;26(3):305. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0802-y. 10.1038/s41591-020-0802-y
    1. Human rights dimensions of COVID-19 response. Human Rights Watch. 2020. Mar 17, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Rights in the time of COVID-19--Lessons from HIV for an effective, community-led response. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2020. Mar 20, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. COVID-19 and the human rights of LGBTI people: What is the impact of covid-19 on LGBTI people? Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 2020. Apr 17, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Dasgupta R. Coronavirus lockdown: LGBTQ people face hostility and loneliness. The Conversation. 2020. Apr 17, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Assunção M. Same-sex couple told to vacate their home in France: ‘Homosexuals are the first to be contaminated by COVID-19’. NY Daily News. 2020. Apr 01, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Hooper S, Rosser BRS, Horvath KJ, Oakes JM, Danilenko G, Men's INTernet Sex II (MINTS-II) Team An online needs assessment of a virtual community: what men who use the internet to seek sex with men want in Internet-based HIV prevention. AIDS Behav. 2008 Nov;12(6):867–875. doi: 10.1007/s10461-008-9373-5.
    1. Shingleton RM, Palfai TP. Technology-delivered adaptations of motivational interviewing for health-related behaviors: A systematic review of the current research. Patient Educ Couns. 2016 Jan;99(1):17–35. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.08.005. S0738-3991(15)30043-4
    1. Zhang J, Wu W, Zhao X, Zhang W. Recommended psychological crisis intervention response to the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in China: A model of West China Hospital. Precis Clin Med. 2019:pbaa006. doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa006.
    1. Adhikari B, Pell C, Cheah PY. Community engagement and ethical global health research. Glob Bioeth. 2020 Dec 20;31(1):1–12. doi: 10.1080/11287462.2019.1703504. 1703504
    1. Strengthening the health system response to COVID-19 – Recommendations for the WHO European Region: policy brief, 1 April 2020 (produced by WHO/Europe) World Health Organization. 2020. Apr 01, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Tashakkori A, Teddlie C. Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd edition) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2010.
    1. Dictionary of psychology: Wait-list control group. American Psychological Association. [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Jun;51:102083. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083. S1876-2018(20)30194-5
    1. National Statistical Office Drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, and housing condition in India. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. 2018. Dec, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Biran A, Schmidt W, Varadharajan KS, Rajaraman D, Kumar R, Greenland K, Gopalan B, Aunger R, Curtis V. Effect of a behaviour-change intervention on handwashing with soap in India (SuperAmma): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Mar;2(3):e145–e154. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70160-8. S2214-109X(13)70160-8
    1. Chakrapani V, Kaur M, Tsai AC, Newman PA, Kumar R. The impact of a syndemic theory-based intervention on HIV transmission risk behaviour among men who have sex with men in India: Pretest-posttest non-equivalent comparison group trial. Soc Sci Med. 2020 Jan 27;:112817. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112817.S0277-9536(20)30036-8
    1. Kitsanapun A, Yamarat K. Evaluating the effectiveness of the "Germ-Free Hands" intervention for improving the hand hygiene practices of public health students. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019;12:533–541. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S203825.203825
    1. Rungvachira O, Koontalay A, Praneetham W, Kiatkanon K, Phaktoop M. A study on hand hygiene compliance for education among visitors in medical unit. International Academic Research Conference; March 1-3, 2018; Vienna, Austria. 2018. Mar 02, pp. 250–256..
    1. Supanyabut S. Affecting factors and impacted to preventive behavior on the influenza type A (subtype 2009 H1N1) of the population in Namon district, Kalasin province. J Office DPC 6 Khon Kaen. 2011;18(2):1–11.
    1. Why sex and gender need to be considered in COVID-19 research: A guide for applicants and peer reviewers. Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) 2021. Mar 23, [2021-12-01]. .
    1. Patel VV, Rawat S, Dange A, Lelutiu-Weinberger C, Golub SA. An internet-based, peer-delivered messaging intervention for HIV testing and condom use among men who have sex with men in India (CHALO!): pilot randomized comparative trial. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020 Apr 16;6(2):e16494. doi: 10.2196/16494. v6i2e16494
    1. Betsch C. How behavioural science data helps mitigate the COVID-19 crisis. Nat Hum Behav. 2020 May;4(5):438. doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-0866-1. 10.1038/s41562-020-0866-1
    1. Eaton LA, Kalichman SC. Social and behavioral health responses to COVID-19: lessons learned from four decades of an HIV pandemic. J Behav Med. 2020 Jun;43(3):341–345. doi: 10.1007/s10865-020-00157-y. 10.1007/s10865-020-00157-y
    1. Miller W, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd edition) New York: Guilford Press; 2002. Apr 12,
    1. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Meeting in the middle: motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Mar 02;9:25. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-25. 1479-5868-9-25
    1. Lukens EP, McFarlane WR. Psychoeducation as evidence-based practice: Considerations for practice, research, and policy. Brief Treat Crisis Interv. 2004;4(3):205–225. doi: 10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh019.
    1. Donker T, Griffiths KM, Cuijpers P, Christensen H. Psychoeducation for depression, anxiety and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2009 Dec 16;7:79. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-79. 1741-7015-7-79
    1. Frost H, Campbell P, Maxwell M, O'Carroll RE, Dombrowski SU, Williams B, Cheyne H, Coles E, Pollock A. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on adult behaviour change in health and social care settings: A systematic review of reviews. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204890. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204890. PONE-D-17-37424
    1. Guse K, Levine D, Martins S, Lira A, Gaarde J, Westmorland W, Gilliam M. Interventions using new digital media to improve adolescent sexual health: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2012 Dec;51(6):535–543. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.03.014.S1054-139X(12)00135-8
    1. Naar-King S, Parsons J, Johnson A. Motivational interviewing targeting risk reduction for people with HIV: a systematic review. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2012 Dec;9(4):335–343. doi: 10.1007/s11904-012-0132-x.
    1. Smedslund G, Berg RC, Hammerstrøm KT, Steiro A, Leiknes KA, Dahl HM, Karlsen K. Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Campbell Syst Rev. 2011 Apr 08;7(1):1–126. doi: 10.4073/csr.2011.6.
    1. Berg RC, Ross MW, Tikkanen R. The effectiveness of MI4MSM: how useful is motivational interviewing as an HIV risk prevention program for men who have sex with men? A systematic review. AIDS Educ Prev. 2011 Dec;23(6):533–549. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2011.23.6.533.
    1. Chiasson MA, Shaw FS, Humberstone M, Hirshfield S, Hartel D. Increased HIV disclosure three months after an online video intervention for men who have sex with men (MSM) AIDS Care. 2009 Sep;21(9):1081–1089. doi: 10.1080/09540120902730013.915156220
    1. Gorgos L, Marrazzo J. Sexually transmitted infections among women who have sex with women. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Dec;53(Suppl 3):S84–S91. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir697.cir697
    1. Rongkavilit C, Wang B, Naar-King S, Bunupuradah T, Parsons JT, Panthong A, Koken JA, Saengcharnchai P, Phanuphak P. Motivational interviewing targeting risky sex in HIV-positive young Thai men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav. 2015 Feb;44(2):329–340. doi: 10.1007/s10508-014-0274-6.
    1. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersy: Prentice-Hall; 1986.
    1. Markland D, Ryan RM, Tobin VJ, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing and self–determination theory. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005 Sep;24(6):811–831. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2005.24.6.811.
    1. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot. 1997;12(1):38–48. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38.
    1. Motivational interviewing as a counseling style. In: Enhancing motivation for change in substance abuse treatment: Treatment improvement protocol (TIP) Series 35. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 1999. [2021-12-02]. .
    1. National Statistical Office (NSO) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Thailand multiple indicator cluster survey 2015-2016, final report. Monitoring the situation of women and children. UNICEF. 2016. Dec, [2021-12-02]. .
    1. DiClemente CC, Corno CM, Graydon MM, Wiprovnick AE, Knoblach DJ. Motivational interviewing, enhancement, and brief interventions over the last decade: A review of reviews of efficacy and effectiveness. Psychol Addict Behav. 2017 Dec;31(8):862–887. doi: 10.1037/adb0000318.2017-53537-001
    1. Higa DH, Crepaz N, Marshall KJ, Kay L, Vosburgh HW, Spikes P, Lyles CM, Purcell DW. A systematic review to identify challenges of demonstrating efficacy of HIV behavioral interventions for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) AIDS Behav. 2013 May;17(4):1231–1244. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0418-z.
    1. Herbst JH, Sherba RT, Crepaz N, Deluca JB, Zohrabyan L, Stall RD, Lyles CM, HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team A meta-analytic review of HIV behavioral interventions for reducing sexual risk behavior of men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jun 01;39(2):228–241.00126334-200506010-00016
    1. Steckler A, Linnan L. Process Evaluation for Public Health Interventions and Research: an overview. In: Linnan L, Steckler A, editors. Process Evaluation for Public Health Interventions and Research. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass; 2002. Nov,
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) COVID-19 coronavirus disease: share facts, not fear. New Mexico Department of Health. [2021-12-02]. .
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2021. Nov 29, [2021-12-02]. .
    1. Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233668. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233668. PONE-D-20-11518
    1. Al-Hanawi MK, Angawi K, Alshareef N, Qattan AMN, Helmy HZ, Abudawood Y, Alqurashi M, Kattan WM, Kadasah NA, Chirwa GC, Alsharqi O. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. 2020;8:217. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003 Nov;41(11):1284–1292. doi: 10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 06;146(5):317–325. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004.146/5/317
    1. Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: results from two population-based studies. Res Aging. 2004;26(6):655–672. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574.
    1. Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Fergus TA, McKay D, Asmundson GJ. Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. J Anxiety Disord. 2020 May;72:102232. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232. S0887-6185(20)30046-3
    1. Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Klompas M, Katz IT. Medical mistrust in the context of Ebola: Implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States. J Health Psychol. 2019 Feb;24(2):219–228. doi: 10.1177/1359105316650507. 1359105316650507
    1. Benjamins MR, Middleton M. Perceived discrimination in medical settings and perceived quality of care: A population-based study in Chicago. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215976. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215976. PONE-D-18-32602
    1. Peek ME, Nunez-Smith M, Drum M, Lewis TT. Adapting the everyday discrimination scale to medical settings: reliability and validity testing in a sample of African American patients. Ethn Dis. 2011;21(4):502–509.
    1. Allington D, Duffy B, Wessely S, Dhavan N, Rubin J. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychol Med. 2021 Jul;51(10):1763–1769. doi: 10.1017/S003329172000224X. S003329172000224X
    1. Georgiou N, Delfabbro P, Balzan R. COVID-19-related conspiracy beliefs and their relationship with perceived stress and pre-existing conspiracy beliefs. Pers Individ Dif. 2020 Nov 01;166:110201. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110201. S0191-8869(20)30390-1
    1. Shapiro GK, Holding A, Perez S, Amsel R, Rosberger Z. Validation of the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale. Papillomavirus Res. 2016 Dec;2:167–172. doi: 10.1016/j.pvr.2016.09.001. S2405-8521(16)30032-5
    1. Paek H, Hilyard K, Freimuth VS, Barge JK, Mindlin M. Public support for government actions during a flu pandemic: lessons learned from a statewide survey. Health Promot Pract. 2008 Oct;9(4 Suppl):60S–72S. doi: 10.1177/1524839908322114.9/4_suppl/60S
    1. Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Sep 14;158(16):1789–1795. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789.
    1. Mandal M, Albert LM. Reproductive empowerment scale: Psychometric validation in Nigeria. MEASURE Evaluation, University of North Carolina. 2020. Jan, [2021-12-02]. .
    1. General Social Survey – Victimization (GSS): Detailed information for 2014 (Cycle 28: Canadians' safety) Statistics Canada, Government of Canada. 2016. [2021-12-02]. .
    1. Freeman D, Waite F, Rosebrock L, Petit A, Causier C, East A, Jenner L, Teale A, Carr L, Mulhall S, Bold E, Lambe S. Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines in England. Psychol Med. 2020 May 21;:1–13. doi: 10.1017/s0033291720001890.
    1. Young SL, Boateng GO, Jamaluddine Z, Miller JD, Frongillo EA, Neilands TB, Collins SM, Wutich A, Jepson WE, Stoler J, HWISE Research Coordination Network The Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(5):e001750. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001750. bmjgh-2019-001750
    1. Johnson DC, Polusny MA, Erbes CR, King D, King L, Litz BT, Schnurr PP, Friedman M, Pietrzak RH, Southwick SM. Development and initial validation of the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale. Mil Med. 2011 Feb;176(2):161–169. doi: 10.7205/milmed-d-10-00258.
    1. Wilkerson JM, Noor SW, Galos DL, Rosser BRS. Correlates of a single-item indicator versus a multi-item scale of outness about same-sex attraction. Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Jul;45(5):1269–1277. doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0605-2. 10.1007/s10508-015-0605-2
    1. Twisk JWR. Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology: A practical guide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2015.
    1. Torgerson D, Torgerson C. Designing randomised trials in health, education and the social sciences: An introduction. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2008.
    1. Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Chamberlain P, Hurlburt MS, Landsverk J. Mixed-methods designs in mental health services research: a review. Psychiatr Serv. 2011 Mar;62(3):255–263. doi: 10.1176/ps.62.3.pss6203_0255.62/3/255
    1. Teddlie C, Yu F. Mixed Methods Sampling. J Mixed Meth Res. 2017 Jun 12;1(1):77–100. doi: 10.1177/1558689806292430.
    1. Newman PA, Guta A, Black T. Ethical considerations for qualitative research methods during the COVID-19 pandemic and other emergency situations: navigating the virtual field. Int J Qual Methods. 2021 Sep 27;20:160940692110478. doi: 10.1177/16094069211047823.
    1. Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess RG, editors. Analyzing qualitative data. New York: Routledge; 2004. pp. 173–194.
    1. Guest G, MacQueen KM, Namey EE. Applied thematic analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2012.
    1. Kemp S. Digital 2020: Thailand. Datareportal. 2020. Feb 18, [2021-12-02]. .
    1. Birnholtz J, Rawat S, Vashista R, Baruah D, Dange A, Boyer A. Layers of marginality: an exploration of visibility, impressions, and cultural context on geospatial apps for men who have sex with men in Mumbai, India. Social Med Soc. 2020 Apr 02;6(2):205630512091399. doi: 10.1177/2056305120913995.
    1. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India The Indian telecom services performance indicator report July-September, 2019. National Informatics Centre, Government of India. 2019. Jan 08, [2021-12-02]. .
    1. Top countries by smartphone users. Newzoo. 2021. [2021-12-02].
    1. Dorn AV, Cooney RE, Sabin ML. COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. Lancet. 2020 Apr 18;395(10232):1243–1244. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30893-X. S0140-6736(20)30893-X
    1. Connected women: The mobile gender gap report 2020. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSMA) 2020. Mar, [2021-12-02]. .

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する