Psychometric validation of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D) instrument in US and UK respondents with major depressive disorder

Raymond W Lam, François-Xavier Lamy, Natalya Danchenko, Aaron Yarlas, Michelle K White, Benoît Rive, Delphine Saragoussi, Raymond W Lam, François-Xavier Lamy, Natalya Danchenko, Aaron Yarlas, Michelle K White, Benoît Rive, Delphine Saragoussi

Abstract

Background: Although depression and cognitive dysfunction are connected, limited tools exist to capture the patient's perspective on cognitive dysfunction and its impact on major depressive disorder (MDD). We report results of a psychometric validation of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D), a self-report measure of cognitive dysfunction for use in MDD.

Methods: A non-interventional, prospective, panel-recruited, online survey was conducted using the PDQ-D in adults with and without MDD in the US and UK. Respondents were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks (MDD only) (baseline: US n=418, UK n=437, 49% MDD; follow-up: US n=169, UK n=153, all MDD). The criterion measures included: Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Functioning Scale-Revised-acute form (MOS COG-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Patient Global Impression of Severity scale (PGI-Severity), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific-Health Problem (WPAI:SHP), and modified Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS). US and UK data were analyzed separately.

Results: Internal consistency was high for PDQ-D total scale and four subscales (Cronbach's alpha 0.81-0.96). Convergent validity was good, with strong concordance with MOS COG-R and moderate/small correlations with PHQ-9, SDS, WPAI:SHP, LEAPS, and PGI-Severity. Significant differences (all P<0.001) existed for all PDQ-D subscale and total scores between MDD/non-MDD samples. The PDQ-D was responsive to changes in depression symptom severity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported scoring of a global overall scale for perceived cognitive dysfunction.

Conclusion: The PDQ-D provides a reliable and valid measure of subjective cognitive dysfunction in patients with MDD.

Keywords: cognitive dysfunction; major depressive disorder; psychometric validation; self-report.

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure RWL has received speaker honoraria from the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments, the Canadian Psychiatric Association, Hansoh, Lundbeck, the Lundbeck Institute, and Pfizer; has received research funding from BC Leading Edge Foundation, Brain Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments, Janssen, Lundbeck, the Movember Foundation, Pfizer, St. Jude Medical, University Health Network Foundation, and the VGH Foundation; and has served on consulting/advisory boards for Akili, Allergan, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Canadian Depression Research and Intervention Network, the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments, CME Institute, Janssen, Lundbeck, Medscape, Otsuka and Pfizer. FXL, DS, BR, and ND were full-time employees of Lundbeck at the time of the study. AY and MKW are full-time employees of Optum, Inc., which received funding from Lundbeck to design the study and analyze the data; however, no financial payment was provided for their involvement in the development of the manuscript. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study design and selection of participants, including initial target for number of respondents. Abbreviations: BL, baseline; LEAPS, modified Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; MOS COG-R, Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Functioning Scale-Revised-acute form; PDQ-D, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression; PGI-S, Patient Global Impression of Severity scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SDS, Sheehan Disability Scale; WPAI, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Subject disposition. Abbreviation: MDD, major depressive disorder.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Known-groups validity: mean baseline PDQ-D subscale and total scores for the MDD and general populations: (A) US sample; (B) UK sample. *P<0.001 vs general population sample. Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; PDQ-D, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression.

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