Low-load resistance training during step-reduction attenuates declines in muscle mass and strength and enhances anabolic sensitivity in older men

Michaela C Devries, Leigh Breen, Mark Von Allmen, Maureen J MacDonald, Daniel R Moore, Elizabeth A Offord, Marie-Noëlle Horcajada, Denis Breuillé, Stuart M Phillips, Michaela C Devries, Leigh Breen, Mark Von Allmen, Maureen J MacDonald, Daniel R Moore, Elizabeth A Offord, Marie-Noëlle Horcajada, Denis Breuillé, Stuart M Phillips

Abstract

Step-reduction (SR) in older adults results in muscle atrophy and an attenuated rise in postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS): anabolic resistance. Knowing that resistance exercise (RT) can enhance MPS, we examined whether RT could enhance MPS following 2 weeks of SR. In addition, as we postulated that SR may impair feeding-induced vasodilation limiting nutrient delivery to muscle, we also examined whether citrulline (CIT), as an arginine and nitric oxide precursor, could attenuate muscle anabolic resistance accompanying SR. We used a unilateral leg model to compare older subjects' who had undergone SR to a loaded condition of SR plus RT (SR + RT). Thirty older men (70 ± 1 years) underwent 14 days of SR (<1500 steps/day) with supplementation of either 5 g/day CIT or glycine placebo. Throughout SR, subjects performed unilateral low-load RT thrice weekly. We assessed muscle protein synthesis in the postabsorptive and postprandial state (20 g whey isolate plus 15 g glycine or as micellar-whey with 5 g CIT or 15 g glycine, n = 10/group). As MPS was similar after ingestion of either whey isolate, micellar-whey, or micellar-whey + CIT data related to different dietary groups were collapsed to compare SR and SR + RT legs. Subjects' daily steps were reduced by 80 ± 2% during SR (P < 0.001) compared with baseline. Leg fat-free mass decreased with SR (-124 ± 61 g) and increased in the SR + RT (+126 ± 68 g; P = 0.003). Myofibrillar FSR was lower (P < 0.0001) in the SR as compared with the SR + RT leg in the postabsorptive (0.026 ± 0.001%/h vs. 0.045 ± 0.001%/h) and postprandial states (0.055 ± 0.002%/h vs. 0.115 ± 0.003%/h). We conclude that low-load RT, but not supplementation with CIT, can attenuate the deleterious effects of SR in aging muscle.

Keywords: Anabolic resistance; resistance training; sarcopenia; step‐reduction.

© 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study schematic outlining (A) the step-reduction protocol, and (B) the infusion protocol. CIT, citrulline; D, day; GLY, glycine; MWP, micellar whey protein; Phe, phenylalanine; SR, step-reduction; SR+RT, step-reduction plus resistance training; WPI, whey protein isolate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (FSR; %/h) (A) by group and (B) with data collapsed in the step-reduced (SR) and step-reduced + resistance trained (SR + RT) leg following 14 days of reduced ambulation in older men. *significantly greater than SR, P < 0.001; **significant increase in response to feeding, P < 0.001). Values are means ± SEM (n = 30).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Box and whisker plots showing the change in leg (A) fat-free mass,and (B) skeletal muscle mass in the step-reduced (SR) and step-reduced + resistance trained (SR + RT) leg prior to and following 14 days of step-reduction in older men. *Significantly different from baseline, P < 0.01; †significantly different between limbs, P < 0.01. Values are medians (line), means (+), and ±95% CI (n = 28).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Box and whisker plots showing the change in (A) isometric knee extensor strength (n = 28), (B) leg press 1 RM (n = 26), (C) knee extensor 1 RM (n = 26) in the step-reduced (SR) and step-reduced + resistance trained (SR + RT) leg following 14 days of reduced ambulation in older men. *Different from baseline, P = 0.002; **different from baseline, P = 0.008. Values are medians (line), means (+), and ±95% CI.

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