Effect of ethnicity and race on cognitive and language testing at age 18-22 months in extremely preterm infants
Andrea Freeman Duncan, Kristi L Watterberg, Tracy L Nolen, Betty R Vohr, Ira Adams-Chapman, Abhik Das, Jean Lowe, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Michael S Caplan, Abbot R Laptook, Angelita M Hensman, Robert Burke, Melinda Caskey, Katharine Johnson, Bonnie E Stephens, Barbara Alksninis, Dawn Andrews, Kristen Angela, Theresa M Leach, Victoria E Watson, Suzy Ventura, Michele C Walsh, Avroy A Fanaroff, Deanne E Wilson-Costello, Nancy S Newman, Bonnie S Siner, Monika Bhola, Gulgun Yalcinkaya, Harriet G Friedman, Kurt Schibler, Edward F Donovan, Kate Bridges, Barbara Alexander, Cathy Grisby, Holly L Mincey, Jody Hessling, Teresa L Gratton, Jean J Steichen, Kimberly Yolton, Ronald N Goldberg, C Michael Cotten, Ricki F Goldstein, Kimberley A Fisher, Kathryn E Gustafson, Melody B Lohmeyer, Barbara J Stoll, David P Carlton, Ellen C Hale, Sheena Carter, Maureen Mulligan LaRossa, Rosemary D Higgins, Brenda B Poindexter, Anna M Dusick, Leslie Dawn Wilson, Ann B Cook, Faithe Hamer, Carolyn Lytle, Heike M Minnich, W Kenneth Poole, Dennis Wallace, Jamie E Newman, Amanda R Irene, Carolyn M Petrie Huitema, Kristin M Zaterka-Baxter, Krisa P Van Meurs, David K Stevenson, Susan R Hintz, M Bethany Ball, Melinda S Proud, Anne M DeBattista, Hali E Weiss, Jean G Kohn, Elizabeth F Bruno, Maria Elena DeAnda, Marian M Adams, Andrew W Palmquist, Waldemar A Carlo, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen, Monica V Collins, Shirley S Cosby, Fred J Biasini, Kristen C Johnston, Kathleen G Nelson, Cryshelle S Patterson, Vivien A Phillips, Sally Whitley, Neil N Finer, Yvonne E Vaucher, David Kaegi, Maynard R Rasmussen, David Kaegi, Kathy Arnell, Clarence Demetrio, Martha G Fuller, Chris Henderson, Wade Rich, Radmila West, Shahnaz Duara, Charles R Bauer, Ruth Everett-Thomas, Sylvia Hiriart-Fajardo, Mary Allison, Maria Calejo, Silvia M Frade Eguaras, Michelle Harwood Berkowits, Andrea Garcia, Helina Pierre, Alexandra Stoerger, Robin K Ohls, Conra Backstrom Lacy, Rebecca Montman, Dale L Phelps, Gary J Myers, Linda J Reubens, Diane Hust, Julie Babish Johnson, Rosemary L Jensen, Emily Kushner, Joan Merzbach, Kelley Yost, Lauren Zwetsch, Kathleen A Kennedy, Jon E Tyson, Patricia W Evans, Brenda H Morris, Nora I Alaniz, Charles Green, Margarita Jiminez, E McDavid, Patti L Pierce Tate, M Layne Poundstone, Saba Siddiki, Sharon L Wright, Pablo J Sanchez, Walid A Salhab, Roy J Heyne, Alicia Guzman, Melissa H Leps, Nancy A Miller, Diana M Vasil, Sally S Adams, Linda A Madden, Elizabeth Heyne, Janet S Morgan, Catherine Twell Boatman, Lizette E Torres, T Michael O'Shea, Robert G Dillard, Lisa K Washburn, Barbara G Jackson, Nancy Peters, Seetha Shankaran, Athina Pappas, Rebecca Bara, Laura A Goldston, Richard A Ehrenkranz, Harris Jacobs, Christine G Butler, Patricia Cervone, Sheila Greisman, Monica Konstantino, JoAnn Poulsen, Janet Taft, Joanne Williams, Elaine Romano, Jeanette O'Donnel Auman, Margaret Cunningham, Andrea Freeman Duncan, Kristi L Watterberg, Tracy L Nolen, Betty R Vohr, Ira Adams-Chapman, Abhik Das, Jean Lowe, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Michael S Caplan, Abbot R Laptook, Angelita M Hensman, Robert Burke, Melinda Caskey, Katharine Johnson, Bonnie E Stephens, Barbara Alksninis, Dawn Andrews, Kristen Angela, Theresa M Leach, Victoria E Watson, Suzy Ventura, Michele C Walsh, Avroy A Fanaroff, Deanne E Wilson-Costello, Nancy S Newman, Bonnie S Siner, Monika Bhola, Gulgun Yalcinkaya, Harriet G Friedman, Kurt Schibler, Edward F Donovan, Kate Bridges, Barbara Alexander, Cathy Grisby, Holly L Mincey, Jody Hessling, Teresa L Gratton, Jean J Steichen, Kimberly Yolton, Ronald N Goldberg, C Michael Cotten, Ricki F Goldstein, Kimberley A Fisher, Kathryn E Gustafson, Melody B Lohmeyer, Barbara J Stoll, David P Carlton, Ellen C Hale, Sheena Carter, Maureen Mulligan LaRossa, Rosemary D Higgins, Brenda B Poindexter, Anna M Dusick, Leslie Dawn Wilson, Ann B Cook, Faithe Hamer, Carolyn Lytle, Heike M Minnich, W Kenneth Poole, Dennis Wallace, Jamie E Newman, Amanda R Irene, Carolyn M Petrie Huitema, Kristin M Zaterka-Baxter, Krisa P Van Meurs, David K Stevenson, Susan R Hintz, M Bethany Ball, Melinda S Proud, Anne M DeBattista, Hali E Weiss, Jean G Kohn, Elizabeth F Bruno, Maria Elena DeAnda, Marian M Adams, Andrew W Palmquist, Waldemar A Carlo, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen, Monica V Collins, Shirley S Cosby, Fred J Biasini, Kristen C Johnston, Kathleen G Nelson, Cryshelle S Patterson, Vivien A Phillips, Sally Whitley, Neil N Finer, Yvonne E Vaucher, David Kaegi, Maynard R Rasmussen, David Kaegi, Kathy Arnell, Clarence Demetrio, Martha G Fuller, Chris Henderson, Wade Rich, Radmila West, Shahnaz Duara, Charles R Bauer, Ruth Everett-Thomas, Sylvia Hiriart-Fajardo, Mary Allison, Maria Calejo, Silvia M Frade Eguaras, Michelle Harwood Berkowits, Andrea Garcia, Helina Pierre, Alexandra Stoerger, Robin K Ohls, Conra Backstrom Lacy, Rebecca Montman, Dale L Phelps, Gary J Myers, Linda J Reubens, Diane Hust, Julie Babish Johnson, Rosemary L Jensen, Emily Kushner, Joan Merzbach, Kelley Yost, Lauren Zwetsch, Kathleen A Kennedy, Jon E Tyson, Patricia W Evans, Brenda H Morris, Nora I Alaniz, Charles Green, Margarita Jiminez, E McDavid, Patti L Pierce Tate, M Layne Poundstone, Saba Siddiki, Sharon L Wright, Pablo J Sanchez, Walid A Salhab, Roy J Heyne, Alicia Guzman, Melissa H Leps, Nancy A Miller, Diana M Vasil, Sally S Adams, Linda A Madden, Elizabeth Heyne, Janet S Morgan, Catherine Twell Boatman, Lizette E Torres, T Michael O'Shea, Robert G Dillard, Lisa K Washburn, Barbara G Jackson, Nancy Peters, Seetha Shankaran, Athina Pappas, Rebecca Bara, Laura A Goldston, Richard A Ehrenkranz, Harris Jacobs, Christine G Butler, Patricia Cervone, Sheila Greisman, Monica Konstantino, JoAnn Poulsen, Janet Taft, Joanne Williams, Elaine Romano, Jeanette O'Donnel Auman, Margaret Cunningham
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the relationship of race/ethnicity to Cognitive and Language scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition in extremely preterm toddlers (<28 + 0 weeks' estimated gestational age).
Study design: This cohort study included extremely preterm toddlers seen at Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers evaluated at 18-22 months adjusted age from 3 race/ethnic groups (white, black, and Hispanic white). Multivariate regression modeling was used to identify race/ethnic differences, after adjusting for medical and psychosocial factors.
Results: The study population comprised 369 whites, 352 blacks, and 144 Hispanic whites. Cognitive scores differed among the 3 groups on unadjusted analysis (P ≤ .001), but not after adjusting for medical and psychosocial factors (P = .13). Language scores differed on adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Whites scored higher than blacks and Hispanic whites, and blacks scored higher than Hispanic whites.
Conclusions: A combination of medical variables and primary caretaker education accounted for differences in Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition Cognitive scores among the 3 groups. Black and Hispanic white toddlers had lower Language scores than whites, even after adjustment. Early intervention should be targeted to these identified risk factors. Assessment of early language development in minority children may be warranted.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Copyright © 2012 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Source: PubMed