Mechanisms of guided bone regeneration: a review

Jie Liu, David G Kerns, Jie Liu, David G Kerns

Abstract

Post-extraction crestal bone resorption is common and unavoidable which can lead to significant ridge dimensional changes. To regenerate enough bone for successful implant placement, Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is often required. GBR is a surgical procedure that uses barrier membranes with or without particulate bone grafts or/and bone substitutes. There are two approaches of GBR in implant therapy: GBR at implant placement (simultaneous approach) and GBR before implant placement to increase the alveolar ridge or improve ridge morphology (staged approach). Angiogenesis and ample blood supply play a critical role in promoting bone regeneration.

Keywords: Bone regeneration; implant; ridge augmentation..

References

    1. Amler MH, Johnson PL, Salman I. Histological and histochemical investigation of human alveolar socket healing in undisturbed extraction wounds. J Am Dental Assoc. 1960;61:32–44.
    1. Amler MH. The time sequence of tissue regeneration in human extraction wounds. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969;27: 309–18.
    1. Cardaropoli G, Araujo M, Lindhe J. Dynamics of bone tissue formation in tooth extraction sites: an experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30:809–18.
    1. Schropp L, Wenzel A, Kostopoulos L , et al. Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-tooth extraction: a clinical and radiographic 12-month prospective study. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 2003;23:313–23.
    1. Lekovic V, Kenney EB, Weinlaender M , et al. A bone regenerative approach to alveolar ridge maintenance following tooth extraction.Report of 10 cases. J Periodontol. 1997;68:563–70.
    1. Lekovic V, Klokkevold PR, Kenney EB , et al. Histologic evaluation of guided tissue regeneration using 4 barrier membranes: a comparative furcation study in dogs. J Periodontol. 1998;69:54–61.
    1. Lekovic V, Camargo PM, Klokkevold PR , et al. Preservation of alveolar bone in extraction sockets using bioabsorbable membranes. J Periodontol. 1998;69:1044–9.
    1. Nemcovsky CE, Serfaty V. Alveolar ridge preservation following extraction of maxillary anterior teeth.Report on 23 consecutive cases. J Periodontol. 1996;67:390–5.
    1. Artzi Z, Nemcovsky CE. The application of deproteinized bovine bone mineral for ridge preservation prior to implantation.Clinical and histological observations in a case report. J Periodontol. 1998;69:1062–7.
    1. Ashman A. Ridge preservation: important buzzwords in dentistry. Gen Dent. 2000;48:304–12.
    1. Van der Weijden F, Dell'Acqua F, Slot DE. Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post-extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36:1048–58.
    1. Carlsson GE, Bergman B, Hedegard B. Changes in contour of the maxillary alveolar process under immediate dentures: a longitudinal clinical and x-ray cephalometric study covering 5 years. Acta Odontol Scand. 1967;25:45–75.
    1. Bartee BK. Extraction site reconstruction for alveolar ridge preservation.Part 1: rationale and materials selection. J Oral Implantol. 2001;27:187–93.
    1. Bartee BK. Extraction site reconstruction for alveolar ridge preservation.Part 2: membrane-assisted surgical technique. J Oral Implantol. 2001;27:194–7.
    1. Wang HL, Tsao YP. Mineralized bone allograft-plug socket augmentation: rationale and technique. Implant Dent. 2007;16: 33–41.
    1. Wang HL, Kiyonobu K, Neiva RF. Socket augmentation: rationale and technique. Implant Dent. 2004;13:286–96.
    1. Brownfield LA, Weltman RL. Ridge preservation with or without an osteoinductive allograft: a clinical. radiograhic.micro-computed tomography., and histologic study evaluating dimensional changes and new bone formation of the alveolar ridge. J Periodontol . 2012; 83:581–9.
    1. Barone A, Aldini NN, Fini M , et al. Xenograft versus extraction alone for ridge preservation after tooth removal: a clinical and histomorphometric study. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1370–7.
    1. Lekholm U, Adell R, Lindhe J , et al. Marginal tissue reactions at osseointegrated titanium fixtures.(II) A cross-sectional retrospective study. Int J Oral and Maxillofac Surg. 1986;15: 53–61.
    1. Dahlin C, Linde A, Gottlow J , et al. Healing of bone defects by guided tissue regeneration. Plastic Reconstruct Surg. 1988;81: 672–6.
    1. Dahlin C, Sennerby L, Lekholm U , et al. Generation of new bone around titanium implants using a membrane technique: an experimental study in rabbits. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1989;4:19–25.
    1. Becker W, Becker BE. Guided tissue regeneration for implants placed into extraction sockets and for implant dehiscences: surgical techniques and case report. The Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1990;10:376–91.
    1. Becker W, Becker BE, Handlesman M , et al. Bone formation at dehisced dental implant sites treated with implant augmentation material: a pilot study in dogs. The Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1990:92–101.
    1. Gher ME, Quintero G, Assad D , et al. Bone grafting and guided bone regeneration for immediate dental implants in humans. J Periodontol. 1994;65:881–91.
    1. Wang HL, Boyapati L. "PASS" principles for predictable bone regeneration. Implant Dent. 2006;15:8–17.
    1. Schenk RK, Buser D, Hardwick WR , et al. Healing pattern of bone regeneration in membrane-protected defects: a histologic study in the canine mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl. 1994;9:13–29.
    1. Javed A, Chen H, Ghori FY. Genetic and transcriptional control of bone formation. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin . 2010;22:283–93.
    1. Buser D, editor. 2nd ed. Chicago: Quintessence Pub Co.; 2009. 20 years of guided bone regeneration in implant dentistry.
    1. Misch CE, Dietsh F. Bone-grafting materials in implant dentistry. Implant Dent. 1993;2:158–67.
    1. Evian CI, Rosenberg ES, Coslet JG , et al. The osteogenic activity of bone removed from healing extraction sockets in humans. J Periodontol. 1982;53:81–5.
    1. Rose L MB, Genco R, Cohen W, editors. Surery.and Implants. Elsevier Mosby : 2004. Periodontics: Medicine.
    1. Barboza E, Caula A, Machado F. Potential of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in bone regeneration. Implant Dent. 1999;8:360–7.
    1. Wang EA, Rosen V, D'Alessandro JS , et al. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein induces bone formation. Proceed Nat Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:2220–4.
    1. Toriumi DM, Kotler HS, Luxenberg DP , et al. Mandibular reconstruction with a recombinant bone-inducing factor.Functinal.histologic., and biomechanical evaluation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:1101–12.
    1. Garg AK, editor. Harvesing.& grafting for dental implants rationale and clinical applications. IL: Quintessence Publishing: 2004. Bone Biology.
    1. Zaner DJ, Yukna RA. Particle size of periodontal bone grafting materials. J Periodontol. 1984;55:406–9.
    1. Burchardt H. Biology of bone transplantation. Orthoped Clin N Am. 1987;8:187–96.
    1. Tatum OH Jr. Osseous grafts in intra-oral sites. J Oral Implant. 1996;22:51–2.
    1. Schallhorn RG. Postoperative problems associated with iliac transplants. J Periodontol. 1972;43:3–9.
    1. Dragoo MR, Sullivan HC. A clinical and histological evaluation of autogenous iliac bone grafts in humans.II. External root resorption. . J Periodontol. 1973;44:614–25.
    1. Quattlebaum JB, Mellonig JT, Hensel NF. Antigenicity of freeze-dried cortical bone allograft in human periodontal osseous defects. J Periodontol. 1988;59:394–7.
    1. Mellonig JT, Prewett AB, Moyer MP. HIV inactivation in a bone allograft. J Periodontol. 1992;63:979–83.
    1. Schoepf C. The Tutoplast® Process: a review of efficacy. immer Dental. 2008;17:40–50.
    1. Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965;150:893–9.
    1. Mellonig JT, Bowers GM, Bailey RC. Comparison of bone graft materials.Part I. New bone formation with autografts and allografts determined by Strontium-85. J Periodontol. 1981;52:291–6.
    1. Mellonig JT, Bowers GM, Cotton WR. Comparison of bone graft materials.Part II. New bone formation with autografts and allografts: a histological evaluation. J Periodontol. 1981;52:297–302.
    1. Schwartz Z, Mellonig JT, Carnes DLJr , et al. Ability of commercial demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft to induce new bone formation. J Periodontol. 1996;67:918–26.
    1. Rummelhart JM, Mellonig JT, Gray JL , et al. A comparison of freeze-dried bone allograft and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in human periodontal osseous defects. J Periodontol. 1989;60:655–63.
    1. Shapoff CA, Bowers GM, Levy B , et al. The effect of particle size on the osteogenic activity of composite grafts of allogeneic freeze-dried bone and autogenous marrow. J Periodontol. 1980;51:625–30.
    1. Committee on Research. Science and Therapy of the American Academy of Peridontology. Tissue banking of bone allografts used in periodontal regeneration. J Periodontol. 2001;72:834–8.
    1. Sanders JJ, Sepe WW, Bowers GM , et al. Clinical evaluation of freeze-dried bone allografts in periodontal osseous defects.Part III. Composite freeze-dried bone allografts with and without autogenous bone grafts. . J Periodontol. 1983;54:1–8.
    1. Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Healing around implants placed in bone defects treated with Bio-Oss: an experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:117–24.
    1. Artzi Z, Tal H, Dayan D. Porous bovine bone mineral in healing of human extraction sockets.Part 1. histomorphometric evaluations at 9 months. J Periodontol. 2000;71:1015–23.
    1. Wetzel AC, Stich H, Caffesse RG. Bone apposition onto oral implants in the sinus area filled with different grafting materials: a histological study in beagle dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1995;6:155–63.
    1. van Steenberghe D, Callens A, Geers L , et al. The clinical use of deproteinized bovine bone mineral on bone regeneration in conjunction with immediate implant installation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11:210–6.
    1. Piattelli M, Favero GA, Scarano A , et al. Bone reactions to anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss) used in sinus augmentation procedures: a histologic long-term report of 20 cases in humans. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:835–40.
    1. Lane JM. Bone graft substitutes. West J Med. 1995;163:565–6.
    1. Isaksson S, Alberius P, Klinge B. Influence of three alloplastic materials on calvarial bone healing: an experimental evaluation of HTR-polymer. lactomer bads.and a carrier gel. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993; 22:375–81.
    1. Bunyaratavej P, Wang HL. Collagen membranes: a review. J Periodontol. 2001;72:215–29.
    1. Hammerle CH, Jung RE. Bone augmentation by means of barrier membranes. Periodontology 2000. 2003;33:36–53.
    1. Dahlin C, Buser D, Dahlin C, Schenk R, editors. In: Guided bone regeneration in implant dentistry. Chicago. : IL: Quintessence Publ; 1994. Scientific Background of guided bone regeneration.
    1. Dahlin C, Gottlow J, Linde A , et al. Healing of maxillary and mandibular bone defects using a membrane experimental study in monkeys. . Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1990;24:13–9.
    1. Buser D, Dula K, Belser U , et al. Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration.1. Surgical procedure in the maxilla. . Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1993;13:29–45.
    1. Becker W, Lynch SE, Lekholm U , et al. A comparison of ePTFE membranes alone or in combination with platelet-derived growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-I or demineralized freeze-dried bone in promoting bone formation around immediate extraction socket implants. J Periodontol. 1992;63:929–40.
    1. Becker W, Dahlin C, Lekholm U , et al. Five-year evaluation of implants placed at extraction and with dehiscences and fenestration defects augmented with ePTFE membranes: results from a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 1999;1:27–32.
    1. Buser D, Dula K, Belser UC , et al. Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration.II. Surgical procedure in the mandible. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1995;15:10–29.
    1. Buser D, Bragger U, Lang NP , et al. Regeneration and enlargement of jaw bone using guided tissue regeneration. Clinl Oral Implants Res. 1990;1:22–32.
    1. Becker W, Dahlin C, Becker BE , et al. The use of e-PTFE barrier membranes for bone promotion around titanium implants placed into extraction sockets: a prospective multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1994;9:31–40.
    1. Nevins M, Mellonig JT. Enhancement of the damaged edentulous ridge to receive dental implants: a combination of allograft and the GORE-TEX membrane. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1992;12:96–111.
    1. Dahlin C, Lekholm U, Becker W , et al. Treatment of fenestration and dehiscence bone defects around oral implants using the guided tissue regeneration technique: a prospective multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995;10:312–8.
    1. Lazzara RJ. Immediate implant placement into extraction sites: surgical and restorative advantages. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1989;9:332–43.
    1. Nyman S, Lang NP, Buser D , et al. Bone regeneration adjacent to titanium dental implants using guided tissue regeneration: a report of two cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1990;5:9–14.
    1. Bartee BK, Carr JA. Evaluation of a high-density polytetrafluoroethylene (n-PTFE) membrane as a barrier material to facilitate guided bone regeneration in the rat mandible. J Oral Implant. 1995;21:88–95.
    1. Bartee BK. Evaluation of a new polytetrafluoroethylene guided tissue regeneration membrane in healing extraction sites. Compend Cont Edu Dent. 1998;19:1256–8.
    1. Barber HD, Lignelli J, Smith BM , et al. Using a dense PTFE membrane without primary closure to achieve bone and tissue regeneration.Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Sur. 2007;65:748–52.
    1. Hoffmann O, Bartee BK, Beaumont C , et al. Alveolar bone preservation in extraction sockets using non-resorbable dPTFE membranes: a retrospective non-randomized study. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1355–69.
    1. Crump TB, Rivera-Hidalgo F, Harrison JW , et al. Influence of three membrane types on healing of bone defects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;82:365–74.
    1. Bartee BK. The use of high-density polytetrafluoroethylene membrane to treat osseous defects: clinical reports. Implant Dent. 1995;4:21–6.
    1. Barboza EP, Stutz B, Ferreira VF , et al. Guided bone regeneration using nonexpanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes in preparation for dental implant placements--a report of 420 cases. Implant Dent. 2010;19:2–7.
    1. Walters SP, Greenwell H, Hill M , et al. Comparison of porous and non-porous teflon membranes plus a xenograft in the treatment of vertical osseous defects: a clinical reentry study. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1161–8.
    1. Lamb JW3rd, Greenwell H, Drisko C , et al. A comparison of porous and non-porous teflon membranes plus demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of class II buccal/lingual furcation defects: a clinical reentry study. J Periodontol. 2001;72:1580–7.
    1. Sumi Y, Miyaishi O, Tohnai I , et al. Alveolar ridge augmentation with titanium mesh and autogenous bone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:268–70.
    1. Jovanovic SA, Nevins M. Bone formation utilizing titanium-reinforced barrier membranes. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1995;15:56–69.
    1. Malchiodi L, Scarano A, Quaranta Metal. Rigid fixation by means of titanium mesh in edentulous ridge expansion for horizontal ridge augmentation in the maxilla. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1998;13:701–5.
    1. Steflik DE, Corpe RS, Young TRetal. In vivo evaluation of the biocompatibility of implanted biomaterials morphology of the implant-tissue interactions. Implant Dent. 1998;7:338–50.
    1. Jovanovic SA, Schenk RK, Orsini Metal. Supracrestal bone formation around dental implants an experimental dog study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995;10:23–31.
    1. Buser D, Ruskin J, Higginbottom Fetal. Osseointegration of titanium implants in bone regenerated in membrane-protected defects a histologic study in the canine mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995;10:666–81.
    1. Buser D, Dula K, Hirt HPetal. Lateral ridge augmentation using autografts and barrier membranes a clinical study with 40 partially edentulous patients Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Sur discussion 32-3. 1996;54:420–32.
    1. Machtei EE. The effect of membrane exposure on the outcome of regenerative procedures in humans a meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2001;72:512–6.
    1. Murphy KG. Postoperative healing complications associated with Gore-Tex Periodontal Material Part I Incidence and characterization. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1995;15:363–75.
    1. Murphy KG. Postoperative healing complications associated with Gore-Tex Periodontal Material.Part II. Effect of complications on regeneration. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1995;15:548–61.
    1. Simion M, Baldoni M, Rossi P , et al. A comparative study of the effectiveness of e-PTFE membranes with and without early exposure during the healing period. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1994;14:166–80.
    1. Zitzmann NU, Naef R, Scharer P. Resorbable versus nonresorbable membranes in combination with Bio-Oss for guided bone regeneration. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1997;12:844–52.
    1. Selvig KA, Kersten BG, Chamberlain AD , et al. Regenerative surgery of intrabony periodontal defects using ePTFE barrier membranes: scanning electron microscopic evaluation of retrieved membranes versus clinical healing. J Periodontol. 1992;63:974–8.
    1. Tempro PJ, Nalbandian J. Colonization of retrieved polytetra-fluoroethylene membranes: morphological and microbiological observations. J Periodontol. 1993;64:162–8.
    1. Nowzari H, Slots J. Microbiologic and clinical study of polytetrafluoroethylene membranes for guided bone regeneration around implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995;10:67–73.
    1. Augthun M, Yildirim M, Spiekermann H , et al. Healing of bone defects in combination with immediate implants using the membrane technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995;10:421–8.
    1. Misch CM, Misch CE. The repair of localized severe ridge defects for implant placement using mandibular bone grafts. Implant Dent. 1995;4:261–7.
    1. Pihlstrom BL, McHugh RB, Oliphant TH , et al. Comparison of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease: a review of current studies and additional results after 61/2 years. J Clin Periodontol. 1983;10:524–41.
    1. Rasmusson L, Sennerby L, Lundgren D , et al. Morphological and dimensional changes after barrier removal in bone formed beyond the skeletal borders at titanium implants: a kinetic study in the rabbit tibia. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:103–16.
    1. Hutmacher D, Hurzeler MB, Schliephake H. A review of material properties of biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers and devices for GTR and GBR applications. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11:667–78.
    1. Simon BI, Von Hagen S, Deasy MJ , et al. Changes in alveolar bone height and width following ridge augmentation using bone graft and membranes. J Periodontol. 2000;71:1774–91.
    1. Piattelli A, Scarano A, Coraggio F , et al. Early tissue reactions to polylactic acid resorbable membranes: a histological and histochemical study in rabbit. Biomaterials. 1998;19:889–96.
    1. von Arx T, Broggini N, Jensen SS , et al. Membrane durability and tissue response of different bioresorbable barrier membranes: a histologic study in the rabbit calvarium. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005;20:843–53.
    1. Simion M, Maglione M, Iamoni F , et al. Bacterial penetration through Resolut resorbable membrane in vitro: an histological and scanning electron microscopic study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:23–31.
    1. Wang HL, Carroll MJ. Guided bone regeneration using bone grafts and collagen membranes. Quint Int. 2001;32:504–15.
    1. Postlethwaite AE, Seyer JM, Kang AH. Chemotactic attraction of human fibroblasts to type I II and III collagens and collagen-derived peptides. Proceed Nat Acad Sci USA. 1978;75:871–5.
    1. Locci P, Calvitti M, Belcastro Setal. Phenotype expression of gingival fibroblasts cultured on membranes used in guided tissue regeneration. J Periodontol. 1997;68:857–63.
    1. Schlegel AK, Mohler H, Busch Fetal. Preclinical and clinical studies of a collagen membrane (Bio-Gide). Biomaterials. 1997;18:535–8.
    1. Rothamel D, Schwarz F, Sculean Aetal. Biocompatibility of various collagen membranes in cultures of human PDL fibroblasts and human osteoblast-like cells. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15:443–9.
    1. Pitaru S, Tal H, Soldinger Metal. Collagen membranes prevent apical migration of epithelium and support new connective tissue attachment during periodontal wound healing in dogs. J Periodont Res. 1989;24:247–53.
    1. Miller N, Penaud J, Foliguet Betal. Resorption rates of 2 commercially available bioresorbable membranes a histomorphometric study in a rabbit model. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23:1051–9.
    1. Owens KW, Yukna RA. Collagen membrane resorption in dogs a comparative study. Implant Dent. 2001;10:49–58.
    1. von Arx T, Buser D. Horizontal ridge augmentation using autogenous block grafts and the guided bone regeneration technique with collagen membranes a clinical study with 42 patients. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:359–66.
    1. Rothamel D, Schwarz F, Sager Metal. Biodegradation of differently cross-linked collagen membranes an experimental study in the rat. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16:369–78.
    1. Schwarz F, Rothamel D, Herten Metal. Angiogenesis pattern of native and cross-linked collagen membranes an immunohisto-chemical study in the rat. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:403–9.
    1. Colangelo P, Piattelli A, Barrucci S , et al. Bone regeneration guided by resorbable collagen membranes in rabbits a pilot study. Implant Dent. 1993;2:101–5.
    1. Chung KM, Salkin LM, Stein MDetal. Clinical evaluation of a biodegradable collagen membrane in guided tissue regeneration. J Periodontol. 1990;61:732–6.
    1. Blumenthal N, Steinberg J. The use of collagen membrane barriers in conjunction with combined demineralized bone-collagen gel implants in human infrabony defects. J Periodontol. 1990;61:319–27.
    1. Paul BF, Mellonig JT, Towle HJ 3rd , et al. Use of a collagen barrier to enhance healing in human periodontal furcation defects. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1992;12:123–31.
    1. Van Swol RL, Ellinger R, Pfeifer J , et al. Collagen membrane barrier therapy to guide regeneration in Class II furcations in humans. J Periodontol. 1993;64:622–9.
    1. Blumenthal NM. A clinical comparison of collagen membranes with e-PTFE membranes in the treatment of human mandibular buccal class II furcation defects. J Periodontol. 1993;64:925–33.
    1. Sevor JJ, Meffert RM, Cassingham RJ. Regeneration of dehisced alveolar bone adjacent to endosseous dental implants utilizing a resorbable collagen membrane: clinical and histologic results. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1993;13:71–83.
    1. Lundgren AK, Sennerby L, Lundgren D , et al. Bone augmentation at titanium implants using autologous bone grafts and a bioresorbable barrier: an experimental study in the rabbit tibia. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:82–9.
    1. Lundgren AK, Lundgren D, Sennerby L , et al. Augmentation of skull bone using a bioresorbable barrier supported by autologous bone grafts: an intra-individual study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:90–5.
    1. Simion M, Misitano U, Gionso L , et al. Treatment of dehiscences and fenestrations around dental implants using resorbable and nonresorbable membranes associated with bone autografts: a comparative clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1997;12:159–67.
    1. Donos N, Kostopoulos L, Karring T. Alveolar ridge augmentation using a resorbable copolymer membrane and autogenous bone grafts: an experimental study in the rat. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:203–13.
    1. Wang HL, Carroll WJ. Using absorbable collagen membranes for guided tissue regeneration. guided bone regeneraion.and to treat gingival recession. 414. Compend Cont Edue Dent 404 406 passim quiz. 2000;21:399–402.
    1. Lang NP, Hammerle CH, Bragger U , et al. Guided tissue regeneration in jawbone defects prior to implant placement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1994;5:92–7.
    1. Buser D, Weber HP, Bragger U , et al. Tissue integration of one-stage implants: three-year results of a prospective longitudinal study with hollow cylinder and hollow screw implants. Quint Int. 1994;25:679–86.
    1. Jovanovic SA. Bone rehabilitation to achieve optimal aesthetics. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent: PPAD quiz 32. 1997;9:41–51.
    1. Simion M, Jovanovic SA, Trisi P , et al. Vertical ridge augmentation around dental implants using a membrane technique and autogenous bone or allografts in humans. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent. 1998;18:8–23.
    1. El-Askary AS, Pipco DJ. Autogenous and allogenous bone grafting techniques to maximize esthetics: a clinical report. J Prosthetic Dent. 2000;83:153–7.
    1. Lundgren AK, Lundgren D, Hammerle CH , et al. Influence of decortication of the donor bone on guided bone augmentation: an experimental study in the rabbit skull bone. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11:99–106.
    1. Schmid J, Wallkamm B, Hammerle CH , et al. The significance of angiogenesis in guided bone regeneration: a case report of a rabbit experiment. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:244–8.
    1. Alberius P, Gordh M, Lindberg L , et al. Onlay bone graft behaviour after marrow exposure of the recipient rat skull bone. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1996;30:257–66.
    1. Gordh M, Alberius P, Lindberg L , et al. Bone graft incorporation after cortical perforations of the host bed. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117:664–70.
    1. Alberius P, Gordh M, Lindberg L , et al. Effect of cortical perforations of both graft and host bed on onlay incorporation to the rat skull. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996;104:554–61.
    1. Greenstein G, Greenstein B, Cavallaro J , et al. The role of bone decortication in enhancing the results of guided bone regeneration: a literature review. J Periodontol. 2009;80:175–89.
    1. de Carvalho PS, Vasconcellos LW, Pi J. Influence of bed preparation on the incorporation of autogenous bone grafts: a study in dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2000;15:565–70.
    1. Adeyemo WL, Reuther T, Bloch W , et al. Influence of host periosteum and recipient bed perforation on the healing of onlay mandibular bone graft: an experimental pilot study in the sheep. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;12:19–28.
    1. Delloye C, Simon P, Nyssen-Behets C , et al. Perforations of cortical bone allografts improve their incorporation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;396:240–7.
    1. Canto FR, Garcia SB, Issa JP , et al. Influence of decortication of the recipient graft bed on graft integration and tissue neoformation in the graft-recipient bed interface. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:706–14.
    1. Boden SD, Schimandle JH, Hutton WC. Radiograhic.histologic., and biomechanical healing characteristics. Vol. 20. Spine (Phila Pa 1976): 1995. An experimental lumbar intertransverse process spinal fusion model. pp. 412–20.
    1. Huebsch RF, Wellington JS. Osseous healing in dog mandibles with and without decortication. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1967;23:236–40.
    1. Majzoub Z, Berengo M, Giardino R , et al. Role of intramarrow penetration in osseous repair: a pilot study in the rabbit calvaria. J Periodontol. 1999;70:1501–10.
    1. Min S, Sato S, Murai M , et al. Effects of marrow penetration on bone augmentation within a titanium cap in rabbit calvarium. J Periodontol. 2007;78:1978–84.
    1. Rompen EH, Biewer R, Vanheusden A , et al. The influence of cortical perforations and of space filling with peripheral blood on the kinetics of guided bone generation: a comparative histometric study in the rat. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:85–94.
    1. Slotte C, Lundgren D. Impact of cortical perforations of contiguous donor bone in a guided bone augmentation procedure: an experimental study in the rabbit skull. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2002;4:1–10.
    1. Barbosa DZ, de Assis WF, Shirato FB , et al. Autogenous bone graft with or without perforation of the receptor bed: histologic study in rabbit calvaria. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24:463–8.
    1. Lundgren D, Lundgren AK, Sennerby L , et al. Augmentation of intramembraneous bone beyond the skeletal envelope using an occlusive titanium barrier: an experimental study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1995;6:67–72.
    1. Kostopoulos L, Karring T, Uraguchi R. Formation of jawbone tuberosities by guided tissue regeneration: an experimental study in the rat. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1994;5:245–53.
    1. Lioubavina N, Kostopoulos L, Wenzel A , et al. Long-term stability of jaw bone tuberosities formed by "guided tissue regeneration". Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:477–86.
    1. Dongieux JW, Block MS, Morris G , et al. The effect of different membranes on onlay bone graft success in the dog mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86:145–51.
    1. Nishimura I, Shimizu Y, Ooya K. Effects of cortical bone perforation on experimental guided bone regeneration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15:293–300.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する