Differential malondialdehyde (MDA) detection in plasma samples of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD): A potential biomarker

Miguel A Alvarez-Mon, Miguel A Ortega, Cielo García-Montero, Oscar Fraile-Martinez, Guillermo Lahera, Jorge Monserrat, Ana M Gomez-Lahoz, Patricio Molero, Luis Gutierrez-Rojas, Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez, Javier Quintero, Melchor Alvarez-Mon, Miguel A Alvarez-Mon, Miguel A Ortega, Cielo García-Montero, Oscar Fraile-Martinez, Guillermo Lahera, Jorge Monserrat, Ana M Gomez-Lahoz, Patricio Molero, Luis Gutierrez-Rojas, Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez, Javier Quintero, Melchor Alvarez-Mon

Abstract

Objective: To measure plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress (OS), in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared with healthy control (HC) subjects in order to determine if it is a possible biomarker of depression.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled patients with MDD and HC subjects. The plasma levels of MDA were measured using a commercially-available colorimetric assay.

Results: A total of 30 patients with MDD and 20 HC subjects with similar sex, age and body mass index distribution were enrolled in the study. Patients with MDD had significantly higher plasma levels of MDA than the HC subjects. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for plasma MDA levels in patients with MDD demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.9767.

Conclusion: The findings of this current study provide further evidence of the role pathophysiological relevance of OS and MDA in MDD. This study provides the basis for the use of MDA as a biomarker for MDD.

Keywords: Major depressive disorder (MDD); malondialdehyde (MDA); oxidative stress; plasma biomarker.

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Plasma malondialdehyde levels in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy control (HC) subjects. The central black horizontal line for each group is the median. ***P < 0.0001; Mann–Whitney U-test. The colour version of this figure is available at: http://imr.sagepub.com.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for plasma malondialdehyde levels in patients with major depressive disorder demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.9767.

References

    1. Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, et al.. Major Depressive Disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2: 16065. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65.
    1. Kennedy SH. Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008; 10: 271–277. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.3/SHKENNEDY.
    1. Ferrari AJ, Somerville AJ, Baxter AJ, et al. . Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychol Med 2013; 43: 471–481.
    1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England) 2020; 396: 1204–1222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.
    1. Noble RE. Depression in women. Metabolism 2005; 54: 49–52. doi:10.1016/J.METABOL.2005.01.014.
    1. Lépine JP, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2011; 7: 3–7. doi:10.2147/NDT.S19617.
    1. Craven MA, Bland R. Depression in primary care: current and future challenges. Can J Psychiatry 2013; 58: 442–448. doi:10.1177/070674371305800802.
    1. Sato S, Yeh TL. Challenges in treating patients with major depressive disorder: the impact of biological and social factor. CNS drugs 2013; 27 Suppl 1: S5–S10. doi:10.1007/S40263-012-0028-8.
    1. Wauquier F, Boutin-Wittrant L, Pourtau L, Gaudout D, et al.. Circulating Human Serum Metabolites Derived from the Intake of a Saffron Extract (Safr'InsideTM) Protect Neurons from Oxidative Stress: Consideration for Depressive Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14: 1511. doi: 10.3390/nu14071511.
    1. Tretter V, Hochreiter B, Zach ML, et al.. Understanding Cellular Redox Homeostasis: A Challenge for Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:106. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010106.
    1. Ortega MA, Romero B, Asúnsolo Á, et al.. Pregnancy-associated venous insufficiency course with placental and systemic oxidative stress. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24: 4157–4170. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15077.
    1. Ortega MA, Sánchez-Trujillo L, Bravo C, et al.. Newborns of Mothers with Venous Disease during Pregnancy Show Increased Levels of Lipid Peroxidation and Markers of Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia in the Umbilical Cord. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10: 980. doi: 10.3390/antiox10060980.
    1. Sies H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol 2015; 4: 180–183. doi:10.1016/J.REDOX.2015.01.002.
    1. Michel TM, Pülschen D, Thome J. The role of oxidative stress in depressive disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 5890–5899. doi:10.2174/138161212803523554.
    1. Schneider C. An update on products and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53: 315–321. doi:10.1002/MNFR.200800131.
    1. Joshi YB, Praticò D. Lipid peroxidation in psychiatric illness: overview of clinical evidence. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014; 2014: 828702. doi:10.1155/2014/828702.
    1. Islam MR, Islam MR, Ahmed I, et al.. Elevated serum levels of malondialdehyde and cortisol are associated with major depressive disorder: A case-control study. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6: 2050312118773953. doi:10.1177/2050312118773953.
    1. Khoubnasabjafari M, Ansarin K, Jouyban A. Reliability of malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress in psychological disorders. Bioimpacts 2015; 5: 123–127. doi:10.15171/BI.2015.20.
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®), (2013).
    1. Carrozzino D, Patierno C, Fava GA, et al.. The Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression: A Critical Review of Clinimetric Properties of Different Versions. Psychother Psychosom 2020; 89: 133–150. doi:10.1159/000506879.
    1. Massoubre C, Bonnefond H, Grosselin A, et al.. Preliminary comparative study of the personality disorder evaluation DIP instrument with the semi-structured SCID-II interview. Encephale 2009; 35: 544–553 [Article in French, English abstract]. doi:10.1016/J.ENCEP.2008.09.007.
    1. Black CN, Bot M, Scheffer PG, et al. . Is depression associated with increased oxidative stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 51: 164–175. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2014.09.025.
    1. Bhatt S, Nagappa AN, Patil CR. Role of oxidative stress in depression. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25: 1270–1276. doi:10.1016/J.DRUDIS.2020.05.001.
    1. Liu T, Zhong S, Liao X, et al. . A Meta-Analysis of Oxidative Stress Markers in Depression. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0138904. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0138904.
    1. Hamed RA, Elmalt HA, Salama AA, et al.. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Major Depressive Disorder. Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet] 2020; 8: 501–506. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.4144.
    1. García-Montero C, Fraile-Martínez O, Gómez-Lahoz AM, et al.. Nutritional Components in Western Diet versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota-Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13: 699. doi:10.3390/nu13020699.
    1. Haag M. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48: 195–203. doi:10.1177/070674370304800308.
    1. Hasler G. Pathophysiology of depression: do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians? World Psychiatry 2010; 9: 155–161. doi:10.1002/J.2051-5545.2010.TB00298.X.
    1. Berger ME, Smesny S, Kim SW, et al.. Omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and subsequent mood disorders in young people with at-risk mental states: a 7-year longitudinal study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7: e1220. doi:10.1038/TP.2017.190.
    1. Alvarez-Mon MA, Ortega MA, García-Montero C, et al.. Exploring the Role of Nutraceuticals in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Rationale, State of the Art and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14: 821. doi:10.3390/PH14080821.
    1. Heshmati J, Morvaridzadeh M, Maroufizadeh S, et al.. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149: 104462. doi:10.1016/J.PHRS.2019.104462.
    1. Cheng J, Wang F, Yu DF, et al.. The cytotoxic mechanism of malondialdehyde and protective effect of carnosine via protein cross-linking/mitochondrial dysfunction/reactive oxygen species/MAPK pathway in neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650: 184–194. doi:10.1016/J.EJPHAR.2010.09.033.
    1. Bakunina N, Pariante CM, Zunszain PA. Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression. Immunology 2015; 144: 365–373. doi:10.1111/IMM.12443.
    1. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014; 2014: 360438. doi:10.1155/2014/360438.
    1. Gil P, Fariñas F, Casado A, et al.. Malondialdehyde: a possible marker of ageing. Gerontology 2002; 48: 209–214. doi:10.1159/000058352.
    1. Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Pellegrini N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15: 316–328. doi:10.1016/J.NUMECD.2005.05.003.
    1. Aguilar Diaz De Leon J, Borges CR. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay. J Vis Exp 2020; 2020: e61122. doi:10.3791/61122.
    1. Alvarez-Mon MA, Gómez-Lahoz AM, Orozco A, et al.. Expansion of CD4 T Lymphocytes Expressing Interleukin 17 and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. J Pers Med 2021; 11: 220. doi:10.3390/JPM11030220.
    1. Alvarez-Mon MA, Gomez-Lahoz AM, Orozco A, et al.. Blunted Expansion of Regulatory T Lymphocytes Is Associated With Increased Bacterial Translocation in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11: 591962. doi:10.3389/FPSYT.2020.591962.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する