Glycophosphopeptical AM3 Food Supplement: A Potential Adjuvant in the Treatment and Vaccination of SARS-CoV-2

Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Cesar I Fernandez-Lazaro, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, David P Adams, Juan Luis García Hernández, Jerónimo González-Bernal, Marcela González-Gross, Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Cesar I Fernandez-Lazaro, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, David P Adams, Juan Luis García Hernández, Jerónimo González-Bernal, Marcela González-Gross

Abstract

The world is currently experiencing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its global spread has resulted in millions of confirmed infections and deaths. While the global pandemic continues to grow, the availability of drugs to treat COVID-19 infections remains limited to supportive treatments. Moreover, the current speed of vaccination campaigns in many countries has been slow. Natural substrates with biological immunomodulatory activity, such as glucans, may represent an adjuvant therapeutic agent to treat SARS-CoV-2. AM3, a natural glycophosphopeptical, has previously been shown to effectively slow, with no side effects, the progression of infectious respiratory diseases by regulating effects on innate and adaptive immunity in experimental models. No clinical studies, however, exist on the use of AM3 in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. This review aims to summarize the beneficial effects of AM3 on respiratory diseases, the inflammatory response, modulation of immune response, and attenuation of muscle. It will also discuss its potential effects as an immune system adjuvant for the treatment of COVID-19 infections and adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Keywords: AM3; COVID-19; cytokines; food supplement; glycophosphopeptical; immunonutrition; muscular damage; vaccination.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Fernández-Lázaro, Fernandez-Lazaro, Mielgo-Ayuso, Adams, García Hernández, González-Bernal and González-Gross.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Potential of use AM3 on immune response against SARS-CoV-2. CCL, Chemokine (C-X-C motif); CCR, Chemokine (C-C motif) Receptor; CXCL, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand; CXCR, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Receptor; DCs, Dendritic cells; IFN, Interferon; IL, Interleukin; mRNA, Messenger RNA; NK, Natural Killer; PBMCS, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PGE, Prostaglandin; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2; Th1, T helper 1; Th2, T helper 2; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; +, Stimulation; -, Inhibition; ~, Modulation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Potential beneficial impact(s) of AM3 supplementation on COVID-19 clinical features and outcomes. ALP, Alkaline Phosphatase; ALT, Aspartate Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate Aminotransferase; CK, Creatine Kinase; Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase; IL, Interleukin; LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase; Mb, Myoglobin; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; TNFR, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor; ↓, Decrease.

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