Açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Health and Disease: A Critical Review

Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Sandra Maria Barbalho, Adriano Cressoni Araújo, Elen Landgraf Guiguer, Arijit Mondal, Gabrielle Bachtel, Anupam Bishayee, Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Sandra Maria Barbalho, Adriano Cressoni Araújo, Elen Landgraf Guiguer, Arijit Mondal, Gabrielle Bachtel, Anupam Bishayee

Abstract

The açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a species belonging to the Arecaceae family, has been cultivated for thousands of years in tropical Central and South America as a multipurpose dietary plant. The recent introduction of açaí fruit and its nutritional and healing qualities to regions outside its origin has rapidly expanded global demand for açaí berry. The health-promoting and disease-preventing properties of this plant are attributed to numerous bioactive phenolic compounds present in the leaf, pulp, fruit, skin, and seeds. The purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical evaluation of the health benefits of açaí and its phytochemicals with a special focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that açaí possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exerts cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, renoprotective, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic activities. Moreover, clinical trials have suggested that açaí can protect against metabolic stress induced by oxidation, inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and physical exertion. Due to its medicinal properties and the absence of undesirable effects, açaí shows a promising future in health promotion and disease prevention, in addition to a vast economic potential in the food and cosmetic industries.

Keywords: Euterpe oleracea; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; antiproliferative; açaí; health benefits.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Increasing publications on E. oleracea indexed by PubMed since 2004.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Photographs of various parts of E. oleracea. (a) whole plant; (b) stem; (c) leaf; (d) panicles of fruits; (e) isolated fruits; and (f) isolated seeds.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Major phytochemical compounds present in açaí fruit and oil.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Major phytochemical compounds present in açaí fruit seeds and pulp.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Major lignans and fatty acids present in açaí fruit seeds and pulp.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Major phytochemical compounds present in açaí leaves and roots.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Flow diagram showing the study selection.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Antioxidant effects of açaí. ROS cause protein damage, DNA alterations, and lipid peroxidation throughout biological systems. Açaí decreases the production of oxidative products and increases cellular antioxidant capacity. Symbols and abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; CAT: catalase; GPx-1: glutathione peroxidase-1; GPx-4: glutathione peroxidase-4; MDA: malonaldehyde; Nrf2-ERK: nuclear transcription factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2-extracellular signal-regulated kinases; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RNS: reactive nitrogen species; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Anti-inflammatory effects of açaí. Açaí improves anti-inflammatory status by directly reducing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and expression of proinflammatory signaling pathways. Symbols and abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; Ca2+: calcium; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; FMLP: N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-12: interleukin-12; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; iNOS: inflammatory nitric oxide synthase; PGs: prostaglandins; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of açaí. Açaí improves glycemic control and exerts antilipidemic effects via various mechanisms. Symbols and abbreviations: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-R, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor; Akt, protein kinase B; AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Potential actions of açaí against CVD and cardiovascular risk factors. Açaí improves cardiac function and decreases cardiac fibrosis, exerts vasodilatory effects, diminishes endothelial dysfunction, and ameliorates exercise resistance. Symbols and abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; NO: nitric oxide; NO–cGMP: nitric oxide cyclic guanosine monophosphate.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Potential anticancer effects of açaí. Açaí protects against neoplasia through cancer cell cycle arrest, direct cytotoxicity, and reduction of oncogenic gene expression. Due to these actions, açaí reduces cancer cell invasion, augments cancer cell apoptosis, and diminishes cancer cell angiogenesis. Symbols and abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; PNCA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.

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