Association Between Psychological Distress, Cognitive Complaints, and Neuropsychological Status After a Severe COVID-19 Episode: A Cross-Sectional Study

Clément Gouraud, Hugo Bottemanne, Khadija Lahlou-Laforêt, Anne Blanchard, Sven Günther, Salma El Batti, Edouard Auclin, Frédéric Limosin, Jean-Sébastien Hulot, David Lebeaux, Cédric Lemogne, Clément Gouraud, Hugo Bottemanne, Khadija Lahlou-Laforêt, Anne Blanchard, Sven Günther, Salma El Batti, Edouard Auclin, Frédéric Limosin, Jean-Sébastien Hulot, David Lebeaux, Cédric Lemogne

Abstract

Background: Cognitive complaints are frequent after COVID-19 but their clinical determinants are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the associations of objective cognitive performances and psychological distress with cognitive complaints in COVID-19 survivors. Materials and Methods: Patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 in a university hospital during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in France were followed-up at 1 month after their admission. Cognitive complaints were self-reported and standardized instruments were used to assess neuropsychological status (Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Semantic Verbal Fluency Test, Mini Mental Status Examination) and psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS). Multivariable analyses were adjusted for age, sex, admission in intensive care unit (ICU) and need for oxygen and C-reactive protein. Results: One hundred patients (34% women, median age: 60 years [interquartile range: 49-72)] completed the neuropsychological assessment at follow-up. In multivariable analyses, cognitive complaints at 1-month were associated with greater HADS score (OR for one interquartile range: OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.08-3.57) and older age (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09) and, negatively, with admission in ICU (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.90). In contrast, none of the objective neuropsychological test scores was significantly associated with cognitive complaints. Exploratory analysis showed that cognitive complaints were associated with both anxiety and depressive symptoms. Discussion: These preliminary results suggest that cognitive complaints at 1 month after a hospitalization for COVID-19 are associated with psychological distress, independently of objective neuropsychological status. Anxiety and depression symptoms should be systematically screened in patients presenting with cognitive complaints after a severe COVID-19 episode.

Keywords: COVID-19; anxiety; attention; comorbidity; concentration; depression; long COVID; psychiatric disorder.

Conflict of interest statement

CL reports personal fees and non-financial support from Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and Boehringer Ingelheim in the previous three years, outside the submitted work. The APHP, which employs J-SH, has received research grants from Bioserenity, Sanofi, Servier and Novo Nordisk. J-SH has received speaker, advisory board or consultancy fees from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, WeHealth. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Gouraud, Bottemanne, Lahlou-Laforêt, Blanchard, Günther, Batti, Auclin, Limosin, Hulot, Lebeaux and Lemogne.

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