Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants Born to Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Mothers

Abstract

Background and objective: Little is known about in-hospital morbidities and neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm infants born to women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We examined risks of mortality, in-hospital morbidities, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age between extremely preterm infants of women with insulin use before pregnancy (IBP), with insulin use started during pregnancy (IDP), and without IDDM.

Methods: Infants 22 to 28 weeks' gestation born or cared for at a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network center (2006-2011) were studied. Regression models compared the association between maternal IDDM and timing of insulin use and the outcomes of the 3 groups.

Results: Of 10 781 infants, 536 (5%) were born to women with IDDM; 58% had IBP, and 36% had IDP. Infants of mothers with IBP had higher risks of necrotizing enterocolitis (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 1.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-2.05]) and late-onset sepsis (adjusted RR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.07-1.48]) than infants of mothers without IDDM. There was some indication of higher in-hospital mortality risk among infants of mothers with IBP compared with those with IDP (adjusted RR = 1.33 [95% CI 1.00-1.79]). Among survivors evaluated at 18 to 22 months' corrected age, average head circumference z score was lower for infants of mothers with IBP compared with those without IDDM, but there were no differences in risk of neurodevelopmental impairment.

Conclusions: In this cohort of extremely preterm infants, infants of mothers with IBP had higher risks of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and small head circumference.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00063063 NCT00009633.

Conflict of interest statement

POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Figures

FIGURE 1

Unadjusted mean growth measure z scores for age and gender at birth, 36 weeks’ PMA, and 18 to 22 months’ CA compared between infants with maternal IBP, IDP, and no IDDM in the subset of 3877 infants with at least 1 of weight, length, or head circumference measured at the 18- to 22-month visit.