Rationale for Determining the Functional Potency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preventing Regulated Cell Death for Therapeutic Use

Abderrahim Naji, Narufumi Suganuma, Nicolas Espagnolle, Ken-Ichi Yagyu, Nobuyasu Baba, Luc Sensebé, Frédéric Deschaseaux, Abderrahim Naji, Narufumi Suganuma, Nicolas Espagnolle, Ken-Ichi Yagyu, Nobuyasu Baba, Luc Sensebé, Frédéric Deschaseaux

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) are being investigated for treating degenerative and inflammatory disorders because of their reparative and immunomodulatory properties. Intricate mechanisms relate cell death processes with immune responses, which have implications for degenerative and inflammatory conditions. We review the therapeutic value of MSCs in terms of preventing regulated cell death (RCD). When cells identify an insult, specific intracellular pathways are elicited for execution of RCD processes, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. To some extent, exacerbated RCD can provoke an intense inflammatory response and vice versa. Emerging studies are focusing on the molecular mechanisms deployed by MSCs to ameliorate the survival, bioenergetics, and functions of unfit immune or nonimmune cells. Given these aspects, and in light of MSC actions in modulating cell death processes, we suggest the use of novel functional in vitro assays to ensure the potency of MSCs for preventing RCD. Such analyses should be associated with existing functional assays measuring the anti-inflammatory capabilities of MSCs in vitro. MSCs selected on the basis of two in vitro functional criteria (i.e., prevention of inflammation and RCD) could possess optimal therapeutic efficacy in vivo. In addition, we underline the implications of these perspectives in clinical studies of MSC therapy, with particular focus on acute respiratory distress syndrome. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:713-719.

Keywords: Cell death; Cellular therapy; Clinical translation; Degenerative disorder; Functional potency; Inflammatory disorder; Mesenchymal stem cells; Selection technologies.

© 2016 The Authors Stem Cells Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of AlphaMed Press.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram summarizing the concept of MSC selection based on identity and double functional potency for preventing inflammation and RCD before use as therapy. This schematic shows four essential stages, from isolation to release of MSC product for use in clinic. Stage 1: optimal methods for MSC isolation, expansion, and production by GMP with severe control in cell sterility and genetic stability. Stage 2: selection of MSCs based on two criteria, phenotype and potential for differentiation, for assessing MSC “identity” in vitro. Stage 3: selection of MSCs based on two criteria, inhibition of inflammation and inhibition of RCD, for assessing MSC “potency” in vitro. Stage 4: for approval of MSCs for therapy and monitoring of in vivo actions of MSCs. Abbreviations: adipo., adipocytes; CFU‐f, colony‐forming unit fibroblast; chondro., chondroblasts; EC, epithelial cell; FACS, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting; GMP, Good Manufacturing Practices; MΦ, macrophage; MSC, mesenchymal stem (stromal) cell; osteo., osteoblasts; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RCD, regulated cell death.

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