Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring

Sumit Majumder, Tapas Mondal, M Jamal Deen, Sumit Majumder, Tapas Mondal, M Jamal Deen

Abstract

Life expectancy in most countries has been increasing continually over the several few decades thanks to significant improvements in medicine, public health, as well as personal and environmental hygiene. However, increased life expectancy combined with falling birth rates are expected to engender a large aging demographic in the near future that would impose significant burdens on the socio-economic structure of these countries. Therefore, it is essential to develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and well-being. Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare facilities. These systems will also allow healthcare personnel to monitor important physiological signs of their patients in real time, assess health conditions and provide feedback from distant facilities. In this paper, we have presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity monitoring systems that were reported in recent years. A survey on textile-based sensors that can potentially be used in wearable systems is also presented. Finally, compatibility of several communication technologies as well as future perspectives and research challenges in remote monitoring systems will be discussed.

Keywords: ambulatory monitoring; body sensor network; remote health monitoring; smart textile; vital sign monitoring; wearable sensors.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General overview of the remote health monitoring system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cardiovascular monitoring: (a) One cycle of a typical ECG signal (not scaled); (b) Electrode placement in a standard 12 lead ECG system; (c) General architecture of ECG monitoring system.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A typical human gait cycle.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic representation of activity monitoring systems.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Typical galvanic skin response (GSR) signal (not to scale).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic diagram of the GSR monitoring system.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Arterial blood flow and corresponding PPG signal (not scaled).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Photoplethysmography (PPG): (a) Different approaches for measuring PPG; (b) Schematic diagram of the SpO2 monitoring system.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) Pulse transit time (PTT); (b) Four sensor health monitoring system.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Different textile/fabric manufacturing technologies. (a) Embroidery; (b) Stitching; (c) Weaving; (d) Knitting; (e) Spinning; (f) Printing. Image source: https://pixabay.com under Creative Commons CC0.

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