Human exposure to early morning Anopheles funestus biting behavior and personal protection provided by long-lasting insecticidal nets

Nicolas Moiroux, Georgia B Damien, Marc Egrot, Armel Djenontin, Fabrice Chandre, Vincent Corbel, Gerry F Killeen, Cédric Pennetier, Nicolas Moiroux, Georgia B Damien, Marc Egrot, Armel Djenontin, Fabrice Chandre, Vincent Corbel, Gerry F Killeen, Cédric Pennetier

Abstract

A shift towards early morning biting behavior of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus have been observed in two villages in south Benin following distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), but the impact of these changes on the personal protection efficacy of LLINs was not evaluated. Data from human and An. funestus behavioral surveys were used to measure the human exposure to An. funestus bites through previously described mathematical models. We estimated the personal protection efficacy provided by LLINs and the proportions of exposure to bite occurring indoors and/or in the early morning. Average personal protection provided by using of LLIN was high (≥80% of the total exposure to bite), but for LLIN users, a large part of remaining exposure occurred outdoors (45.1% in Tokoli-V and 68.7% in Lokohoué) and/or in the early morning (38.5% in Tokoli-V and 69.4% in Lokohoué). This study highlights the crucial role of LLIN use and the possible need to develop new vector control strategies targeting malaria vectors with outdoor and early morning biting behavior. This multidisciplinary approach that supplements entomology with social science and mathematical modeling illustrates just how important it is to assess where and when humans are actually exposed to malaria vectors before vector control program managers, policy-makers and funders conclude what entomological observations imply.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Hourly human and A. funestus…
Figure 1. Hourly human and A. funestus behavior and hourly exposure to bites of LLIN users in Tokoli-Vidjinnagnimon (A, B) and Lokohoué (C, D).

References

    1. Govella NJ, Ferguson H (2012) Why Use of Interventions Targeting Outdoor Biting Mosquitoes will be Necessary to Achieve Malaria Elimination. Front Physiol 3: 199.
    1. Seyoum A, Sikaala CH, Chanda J, Chinula D, Ntamatungiro AJ, et al. (2012) Human exposure to anopheline mosquitoes occurs primarily indoors, even for users of insecticide-treated nets in Luangwa Valley, South-east Zambia. Parasit Vectors 5: 101.
    1. Yohannes M, Boelee E (2011) Early biting rhythm in the afro-tropical vector of malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, and challenges for its control in Ethiopia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 26: 103–105.
    1. Moiroux N, Gomez MB, Pennetier C, Elanga E, Djenontin A, et al. (2012) Changes in Anopheles funestus biting behavior following universal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Benin. J Infect Dis 206: 1622–1629.
    1. Stoddard ST, Morrison AC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Paz Soldan V, Kochel TJ, et al. (2009) The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e481.
    1. Killeen GF, Kihonda J, Lyimo E, Oketch FR, Kotas ME, et al. (2006) Quantifying behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes: evaluating the protective efficacy of insecticidal nets against malaria transmission in rural Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 6: 161.
    1. Coffinet T, Rogier C, Pages F (2009) [Evaluation of the anopheline mosquito aggressivity and of malaria transmission risk: methods used in French Army]. Med Trop (Mars) 69: 109–122.
    1. Gillies M, Coetzee M (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute for Medical Research. 143 p.
    1. Gillies M, De Meillon B (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publication of the South Afr Inst Med Res 54: 343.
    1. Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M (2002) A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 804–811.
    1. Corbel V, Akogbeto M, Damien GB, Djenontin A, Chandre F, et al. (2012) Combination of malaria vector control interventions in pyrethroid resistance area in Benin: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 617–626.
    1. Corbel V, Chabi J, Dabire RK, Etang J, Nwane P, et al. (2010) Field efficacy of a new mosaic long-lasting mosquito net (PermaNet 3.0) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: a multi centre study in Western and Central Africa. Malar J 9: 113.
    1. Killeen GF, Seyoum A, Sikaala C, Zomboko AS, Gimnig JE, et al. (2013) Eliminating malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 6: 172.
    1. Moiroux N, Boussari O, Djènontin A, Damien G, Cottrell G, et al. (2012) Dry season determinants of malaria disease and net use in Benin, west Africa. PLoS One 7: e30558.
    1. Toe LP, Skovmand O, Dabire KR, Diabate A, Diallo Y, et al. (2009) Decreased motivation in the use of insecticide-treated nets in a malaria endemic area in Burkina Faso. Malar J 8: 175.
    1. Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, et al. (2003) Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 121–127.
    1. Lindblade KA (2013) Commentary: Does a mosquito bite when no one is around to hear it? Int J Epidemiol 42: 247–249.
    1. Killeen GF, Chitnis N (2014) Potential causes and consequences of behavioural resilience and resistance in malaria vector populations: a mathematical modelling analysis. Malar J 13: 97.

Source: PubMed

スポンサーと協力者

医学的状態

薬物療法

3
購読する