Online adaptive magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: state of the art, pearls and pitfalls

Luca Boldrini, Davide Cusumano, Francesco Cellini, Luigi Azario, Gian Carlo Mattiucci, Vincenzo Valentini, Luca Boldrini, Davide Cusumano, Francesco Cellini, Luigi Azario, Gian Carlo Mattiucci, Vincenzo Valentini

Abstract

Background: Different studies have proved in recent years that hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT) improves overall survival of patients affected by locally advanced, unresectable, pancreatic cancer. The clinical management of these patients generally leads to poor results and is considered very challenging, due to different factors, heavily influencing treatment delivery and its outcomes. Firstly, the dose prescribed to the target is limited by the toxicity that the highly radio-sensitive organs at risk (OARs) surrounding the disease can develop. Treatment delivery is also complicated by the significant inter-fractional and intra-fractional variability of therapy volumes, mainly related to the presence of hollow organs and to the breathing cycle. The recent introduction of magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) systems leads to the opportunity to control most of the aforementioned sources of uncertainty influencing RT treatment workflow in pancreatic cancer. MRgRT offers the possibility to accurately identify radiotherapy volumes, thanks to the high soft-tissue contrast provided by the Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI), and to monitor the tumour and OARs positions during the treatment fraction using a high-temporal cine MRI. However, the main advantage offered by the MRgRT is the possibility to online adapt the RT treatment plan, changing the dose distribution while the patient is still on couch and successfully addressing most of the sources of variability.

Short conclusion: Aim of this study is to present and discuss the state of the art, the main pitfalls and the innovative opportunities offered by online adaptive MRgRT in pancreatic cancer treatment.

Keywords: MR-guided radiotherapy; Online adaptive radiotherapy; Pancreatic cancer.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not Applicable.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable.

Competing interests

Dr. L. Boldrini, Dr. F. Cellini, Dr. D. Cusumano received speaker honoraria from ViewRay Inc.

Prof. V. Valentini has a research agreement with ViewRay Inc.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Example of inter-fraction variability for the case of upper abdomen, as occurred between two consecutive days of treatment in the same patient’s preparation conditions. The duodenum position (orange) significantly changes its position respect to the pancreatic cancer (red). A 3 cm wide region surrounding the GTV is reported in green
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Intra-fraction motion management by means of cine MR. The treatment is delivered only when the target structure (in red) is inside the defined boundary region (in yellow), as described in part (a). In the case of part (b), treatment delivery stops until the right volume position is reached

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