Adaptation and study protocol of the evidence-based Make Better Choices (MBC2) multiple diet and activity change intervention for a rural Appalachian population

Nancy E Schoenberg, Deanna Sherman, Angela Fidler Pfammatter, Michelle K Roberts, Ming-Yuan Chih, Sarah C Vos, Bonnie Spring, Nancy E Schoenberg, Deanna Sherman, Angela Fidler Pfammatter, Michelle K Roberts, Ming-Yuan Chih, Sarah C Vos, Bonnie Spring

Abstract

Background: Rural Appalachian residents experience among the highest prevalence of chronic disease, premature mortality, and decreased life expectancy in the nation. Addressing these growing inequities while avoiding duplicating existing programming necessitates the development of appropriate adaptations of evidence-based lifestyle interventions. Yet few published articles explicate how to accomplish such contextual and cultural adaptation.

Methods: In this paper, we describe the process of adapting the Make Better Choices 2 (MBC2) mHealth diet and activity randomized trial and the revised protocol for intervention implementation in rural Appalachia. Deploying the NIH's Cultural Framework on Health and Aaron's Adaptation framework, the iterative adaptation process included convening focus groups (N = 4, 38 participants), conducting key informant interviews (N = 16), verifying findings with our Community Advisory Board (N = 9), and deploying usability surveys (N = 8), wireframing (N = 8), and pilot testing (N = 9. This intense process resulted in a comprehensive revision of recruitment, retention, assessment, and intervention components. For the main trial, 350 participants will be randomized to receive either the multicomponent MBC2 diet and activity intervention or an active control condition (stress and sleep management). The main outcome is a composite score of four behavioral outcomes: two outcomes related to diet (increased fruits and vegetables and decreased saturated fat intake) and two related to activity (increased moderate vigorous physical activity [MVPA] and decreased time spent on sedentary activities). Secondary outcomes include change in biomarkers, including blood pressure, lipids, A1C, waist circumference, and BMI.

Discussion: Adaptation and implementation of evidence-based interventions is necessary to ensure efficacious contextually and culturally appropriate health services and programs, particularly for underserved and vulnerable populations. This article describes the development process of an adapted, community-embedded health intervention and the final protocol created to improve health behavior and, ultimately, advance health equity.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04309461. The trial was registered on 6/3/2020.

Keywords: Community-based participatory research; Diet; Exercise; Mobile phone; Rural populations; Technology.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The Process of Adapting MBC2 to a Rural, Appalachian Population
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Graphical Representation Options for Sedentary Time. Legend. Graphic 1: Meter; Graphic 2: Pie chart; Graphic 3: Line graph
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
MBC2 for Rural Appalachians Flow Chart

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