Amisulpride augmentation therapy improves cognitive performance and psychopathology in clozapine-resistant treatment-refractory schizophrenia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Ming-Huan Zhu, Zhen-Jing Liu, Qiong-Yue Hu, Jia-Yu Yang, Ying Jin, Na Zhu, Ying Huang, Dian-Hong Shi, Min-Jia Liu, Hong-Yang Tan, Lei Zhao, Qin-Yu Lv, Zheng-Hui Yi, Feng-Chun Wu, Ze-Zhi Li, Ming-Huan Zhu, Zhen-Jing Liu, Qiong-Yue Hu, Jia-Yu Yang, Ying Jin, Na Zhu, Ying Huang, Dian-Hong Shi, Min-Jia Liu, Hong-Yang Tan, Lei Zhao, Qin-Yu Lv, Zheng-Hui Yi, Feng-Chun Wu, Ze-Zhi Li

Abstract

Background: Although clozapine is an effective option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), there are still 1/3 to 1/2 of TRS patients who do not respond to clozapine. The main purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to explore the amisulpride augmentation efficacy on the psychopathological symptoms and cognitive function of clozapine-resistant treatment-refractory schizophrenia (CTRS) patients.

Methods: A total of 80 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to receive initial clozapine plus amisulpride (amisulpride group) or clozapine plus placebo (placebo group). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale scores, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS), laboratory measurements, and electrocardiograms (ECG) were performed at baseline, at week 6, and week 12.

Results: Compared with the placebo group, amisulpride group had a lower PANSS total score, positive subscore, and general psychopathology subscore at week 6 and week 12 (PBonferroni < 0.01). Furthermore, compared with the placebo group, the amisulpride group showed an improved RBANS language score at week 12 (PBonferroni < 0.001). Amisulpride group had a higher treatment response rate (P = 0.04), lower scores of CGI severity and CGI efficacy at week 6 and week 12 than placebo group (PBonferroni < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups in body mass index (BMI), corrected QT (QTc) intervals, and laboratory measurements. This study demonstrates that amisulpride augmentation therapy can safely improve the psychiatric symptoms and cognitive performance of CTRS patients.

Conclusion: This study indicates that amisulpride augmentation therapy has important clinical significance for treating CTRS to improve clinical symptoms and cognitive function with tolerability and safety. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier- NCT03652974. Registered August 31, 2018, https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03652974.

Keywords: Amisulpride; Augmentation; Clozapine; Clozapine-resistant treatment refractory schizophrenia; Schizophrenia.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Treatment study flowchart. A total of 113 participants were assessed for eligibility, 80 were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the groups. Among these patients, 36 in the amisulpride group, while 35 in the placebo group completed the 12-week trial
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effect of amisulpride augmentation therapy on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores. At week 6 and 12, the amisulpride group displayed lower PANSS total score, positive symptom subscore, and general psychopathology subscore compared with the placebo group (week 6:F = 11.18, P = 0.001, PBonferroni = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.88; F = 16.63, P < 0.0001, PBonferroni < 0.0001, Cohen’s d = 0.99; F = 12.56, P = 0.001, PBonferroni = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.89. week 12:F = 11.34, P = 0.001, PBonferroni = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.45; F = 17.10, P < 0.0001, PBonferroni < 0.0001, Cohen’s d = 0.97; F = 14.00, P < 0.0001, PBonferroni < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.92). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns non-significant
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effect of amisulpride augmentation therapy on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) scores. At week 12, the amisulpride group displayed higher RBANS total and language scores compared with placebo group (F = 6.14, P = 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.41; F = 14.82, P < 0.0001, Cohen’s d = 0.77). However, only the difference in language score remained significant after Bonferroni correction (PBonferroni < 0.001). At week 6, there were no between-group differences in RBANS total score or language score (F = 2.52, P = 0.12; F = 3.14, P = 0.08). *P < 0.5, ***P < 0.001; ns non-significant
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effect of amisulpride augmentation therapy on the scores of Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). a SANS score. b–d CGI-S, CGI-I, and CGI-E scores. SANS score showed no difference between two groups at week 12 or week 6 (a). At week 12, the amisulpride group had lower CGI-S, CGI-I and CGI-E scores than the placebo group (F = 20.37, P < 0.0001, Cohen’s d = 0.91; F = 5.75, P = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 0.80; F = 19.02, P < 0.0001, Cohen’s d = 1.06; respectively). However, after Bonferroni correction, only CGI-S and CGI-E scores still showed significant between-group differences (both PBonferroni < 0.0001) (b–d). At week 6, the amisulpride group had lower CGI-S and CGI-E scores than the placebo group (F = 10.93, P = 0.001, PBonferroni = 0.003, Cohen’s d = 0.72; F = 8.98, P = 0.004, PBonferroni = 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.73) (b–d). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns non-significant

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