Relation between characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques and brain white matter hyperintensities in asymptomatic patients

Enrico Ammirati, Francesco Moroni, Marco Magnoni, Maria A Rocca, Roberta Messina, Nicoletta Anzalone, Costantino De Filippis, Isabella Scotti, Francesca Besana, Pietro Spagnolo, Ornella E Rimoldi, Roberto Chiesa, Andrea Falini, Massimo Filippi, Paolo G Camici, Enrico Ammirati, Francesco Moroni, Marco Magnoni, Maria A Rocca, Roberta Messina, Nicoletta Anzalone, Costantino De Filippis, Isabella Scotti, Francesca Besana, Pietro Spagnolo, Ornella E Rimoldi, Roberto Chiesa, Andrea Falini, Massimo Filippi, Paolo G Camici

Abstract

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) can be incidentally found in patients with carotid atherosclerosis on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the relationship between WMH and characteristics of carotid plaques in asymptomatic patients without indication for carotid revascularization. We prospectively screened 235 consecutive patients with carotid stenosis <70%. After excluding patients with confounding causes of cerebral damage, 67 asymptomatic patients underwent carotid computed tomography angiography (CTA), contrast-enhanced ultrasound and brain MRI. Number and quantitative measurement of volume of WMH were associated with history of resistant hypertension, degree of stenosis (Doppler) and presence of an ulcerated plaque at CTA (p < 0.05). At multivariate regression analysis, resistant hypertension was independently associated with both number and volume of WMH, presence of an ulcer with number of WMH and degree of stenosis with WMH volume (p < 0.05), although WMH were equally distributed in both hemispheres irrespectively of plaque side. In conclusion, in asymptomatic patients with carotid plaques <70%, a higher burden of WMHs is associated with history of resistant hypertension that could be the expression of microvascular damage. Stenosis severity and presence of plaque ulceration are also associated with WMH burden although their causative relation is not supported by the bilateral distribution of WMH.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Box plot showing the significant associations between WMH and main plaque characteristics. Panel A shows the relation between the degree of stenosis and WMH number and volume. Panel B shows the relation between the presence of plaque ulcer on carotid CT angiography and WMH number and volume. Numbers indicate median value. WMH, white matter hyperintensities.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Patient selection diagram. CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; TIA, transient ischemic attack; AFib, atrial fibrillation; CA, carotid artery; CT, computed tomography; CKD, chronic kidney disorder; CEUS, contrast enhanced ultrasound.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Two representative cases of brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging analysis. Top row: images from a subject with a high number/volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are shown. Bottom row: scans of a subject with a low number/volume of WMH. In both cases, WMH are countered in red, by using semi-automated software. Arrows underlines some of the WMH.

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