The Impact of Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Meal on the Effects of Yerba Mate Drink on Metabolism, Performance, and Antioxidant Status in Trained Male Cyclists

Thaiana C Krolikowski, Fernando K Borszcz, Vilma P Panza, Laura M Bevilacqua, Sarah Nichele, Edson L da Silva, Renata D M C Amboni, Luiz G A Guglielmo, Stuart M Phillips, Ricardo D de Lucas, Brunna C B Boaventura, Thaiana C Krolikowski, Fernando K Borszcz, Vilma P Panza, Laura M Bevilacqua, Sarah Nichele, Edson L da Silva, Renata D M C Amboni, Luiz G A Guglielmo, Stuart M Phillips, Ricardo D de Lucas, Brunna C B Boaventura

Abstract

Introduction: The consumption of yerba mate (YM), a source of antioxidants, in a fasted state increases fatty acid oxidation (FATox) during low-moderate-intensity exercise and improves performance in high-intensity exercise. However, the impact of a pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) meal on YM effects during exercise is unknown.

Objective: We investigated the effects of yerba mate drink (YMD) consumed in the fasted state (YMD-F) or after a CHO meal (YMD-CHO) on measurements of metabolism, performance, and blood oxidative stress markers in cycling exercise.

Methods: In a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design, eight trained male cyclists ingested (i) YMD-CHO, (ii) YMD-F, or (iii) control-water and CHO meal (Control-CHO). The YMD (an infusion of 5 g of ultrarefined leaves in 250 mL of water) was taken for 7 days and 40 min before exercise. CHO meal (1 g/kg body mass) was consumed 60 min before exercise. The cycling protocol included a 40-min low-intensity (~ 53% V̇O2peak) constant load test (CLT); a 20-min time trial (TT); and 4 × 10-s all-out sprints. Blood samples and respiratory gases were collected before, during, and/or after tests.

Results: During CLT, YMD-CHO increased FATox ~ 13% vs. YMD-F (P = 0.041) and ~ 27% vs. Control-CHO (P < 0.001). During TT, YMD-CHO increased FATox ~ 160% vs. YMD-F (P < 0.001) and ~ 150% vs. Control-CHO (P < 0.001). Power output during TT improved ~ 3% (P = 0.022) in YMD-CHO vs. Control-CHO and was strongly correlated with changes in serum total antioxidant capacity (r = -0.87) and oxidative stress index (r = 0.76) at post-exercise in YMD-CHO. Performance in sprints was not affected by YMD.

Conclusion: CHO intake did not negate the effect of YMD on FATox or TT performance. Instead, a synergism between the two dietary strategies may be present. Clinical Trial Registration NCT04642144. November 18, 2020. Retrospectively registered.

Keywords: Carbohydrate; Oxidative stress; Performance; Phenolic compounds; Substrate utilization; Yerba mate.

Conflict of interest statement

SMP reports grants from US National Dairy Council, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from US National Dairy Council, non-financial support from Enhanced Recovery, outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr. Phillips has a patent Canadian 3052324 issued to Exerkine, and a patent US 20200230197 pending to Exerkine but reports no financial gains. TCK, FKB, VP, LMB, SN, ELS, RDMCA, LGAG, RDL, and BCBB declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of the study design. The dietary trials order was randomized in a crossover design. R randomization, T time in minutes in relation to the exercise protocol (1–7), YMD yerba mate drink, CHO carbohydrate, YMD-F yerba mate drink and fasting state, YMD-CHO yerba mate drink and carbohydrate meal; Control-CHO water and carbohydrate meal, CLT constant load test, TT time trial
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Individual data of average PO during TT for the trials order (A) and dietary conditions (B) effects. Open circles and lines are the data for each subject among the trials, bars are each trial/condition mean. PO power output, TT 20-min time trial, YMD-CHO yerba mate drink and carbohydrate meal, YMD-F yerba mate drink and fasted state, Control-CHO control (water) and carbohydrate meal
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
PO at each time point during TT (A) and during repeated sprint test (B). RPE during CLT followed by the TT (C). In panel A, “2 min” refers to the average of data between the minutes 0 and 2, “4 min” refers to minutes 0 and 4, and so on. YMD-CHO yerba mate drink and pre-exercise carbohydrate meal (n = 8), YMD-F yerba mate drink and fasted state (n = 7), Control-CHO control (water) and pre-exercise carbohydrate meal (n = 8). Data are means ± SD. *Significant time effect (P < 0.05). Significant condition effects (P < 0.05): #YMD-CHO > Control-CHO and †YMD-F > Control-CHO. aSignificatively different between YMD-F vs. Control-CHO (P < 0.05) at the specific time point. CLT 40-min constant load test, PO power output, RPE rating of perceived exertion, TT 20-min time trial
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
FATox and CHOox during CLT (A and B), and during a subsequent TT (C and D). For CTL, “4 min” refers to the average of data between the minutes 0 and 4; for TT, “2 min” refers to minutes 0 and 2, and so on. Data are means ± SD. YMD-CHO yerba mate drink and pre-exercise carbohydrate meal (n = 8), YMD-F yerba mate drink and fasted state (n = 7), Control-CHO control (water) and pre-exercise carbohydrate meal (n = 8). *Significant time effect (P < 0.05). Significant condition effects (P < 0.05. #YMD-CHO > Control-CHO and §YMD-CHO > YMD-F. Significantly different between aYMD-CHO vs. Control-CHO and bYMD-CHO vs. YMD-F at the specific time point (P < 0.05). FATox fat oxidation, CHOox carbohydrate oxidation, CLT 40-min constant load test, TT 20-min time trial
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Phenolic compounds (A), TAC (B), TOS (C), and OSI (D) before (pre-ex) and after (post-ex) exercise protocol. YMD-CHO yerba mate drink and pre-exercise carbohydrate meal (n = 8), YMD-F yerba mate drink and fasted state (n = 7), Control-CHO control (water) and pre-exercise carbohydrate meal (n = 8). Data are median and interquartile interval. Outliers as . *P < 0.05, compared with control-CHO at pre-ex. #P < 0.05, compared with control-CHO at post-ex. §P < 0.05, compared with YMD-F at post-ex. TAC serum total antioxidant capacity, TOS serum total oxidant status, OSI oxidative stress index

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