Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution

Jui-Wen Ma, Bin-Syuan Huang, Chu-Wei Hsu, Chun-Wei Peng, Ming-Long Cheng, Jung-Yie Kao, Tzong-Der Way, Hao-Chang Yin, Shan-Shue Wang, Jui-Wen Ma, Bin-Syuan Huang, Chu-Wei Hsu, Chun-Wei Peng, Ming-Long Cheng, Jung-Yie Kao, Tzong-Der Way, Hao-Chang Yin, Shan-Shue Wang

Abstract

In this study, a chlorine dioxide solution (UC-1) composed of chlorine dioxide was produced using an electrolytic method and subsequently purified using a membrane. UC-1 was determined to contain 2000 ppm of gaseous chlorine dioxide in water. The efficacy and safety of UC-1 were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was more than 98.2% reduction when UC-1 concentrations were 5 and 20 ppm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of H1N1, influenza virus B/TW/71718/04, and EV71 were 84.65 ± 0.64, 95.91 ± 11.61, and 46.39 ± 1.97 ppm, respectively. A 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test revealed that the cell viability of mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells was 93.7% at a 200 ppm UC-1 concentration that is over that anticipated in routine use. Moreover, 50 ppm UC-1 showed no significant symptoms in a rabbit ocular irritation test. In an inhalation toxicity test, treatment with 20 ppm UC-1 for 24 h showed no abnormality and no mortality in clinical symptoms and normal functioning of the lung and other organs. A ClO₂ concentration of up to 40 ppm in drinking water did not show any toxicity in a subchronic oral toxicity test. Herein, UC-1 showed favorable disinfection activity and a higher safety profile tendency than in previous reports.

Keywords: antimicrobial efficacy; antiviral assay; chlorine dioxide (PubChem CID: 24870); inhalation toxicity; subchronic oral toxicity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of chlorine dioxide solution production.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Antiviral efficacy against influenza virus A/WSN/33, influenza virus B/TW/71718/04, and enterovirus 71. Bars are plotted as means ± standard deviation (SD). Means with the same letter did not differ significantly at p < 0.05 according to the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) F-test and Duncan’s new multiple range test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cytotoxic effects of various UC-1 concentrations on L929 cells.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse lung sections in the inhalation toxicity test. The Scale bar labeled in this figure was 100 μm.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mouse weight trend chart in the subchronic oral toxicity test. CTL: control.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Observation of mouse lungs and organs in the subchronic oral toxicity test.

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