Prevalence and Correlates of CKD in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States

Abstract

Background and objectives: The prevalence of ESRD among Hispanics/Latinos is 2-fold higher than in non-Hispanic whites. However, little is known about the prevalence of earlier stages of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos. This study estimated the prevalence of CKD in US Hispanics/Latinos.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This was a cross-sectional study of 15,161 US Hispanic/Latino adults of Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American backgrounds enrolled in the multicenter, prospective, population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). In addition, the prevalence of CKD in Hispanics/Latinos was compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Prevalent CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (estimated with the 2012 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration eGFR creatinine-cystatin C equation) or albuminuria based on sex-specific cut points determined at a single point in time.

Results: The overall prevalence of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos was 13.7%. Among women, the prevalence of CKD was 13.0%, and it was lowest in persons with South American background (7.4%) and highest (16.6%) in persons with Puerto Rican background. In men, the prevalence of CKD was 15.3%, and it was lowest (11.2%) in persons with South American background and highest in those who identified their Hispanic background as "other" (16.0%). The overall prevalence of CKD was similar in HCHS/SOL compared with non-Hispanic whites in NHANES. However, prevalence was higher in HCHS/SOL men and lower in HCHS/SOL women versus NHANES non-Hispanic whites. Low income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were each significantly associated with higher risk of CKD.

Conclusions: Among US Hispanic/Latino adults, there was significant variation in CKD prevalence among Hispanic/Latino background groups, and CKD was associated with established cardiovascular risk factors.

Keywords: CKD; Hispanics; prevalence.

Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Nephrology.

Figures

Figure 1.

Age-adjusted, weighted prevalenceof CKD in Hispanic/Latino HCHS/SOL participants and Mexican-American, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white 2007–2010 NHANES participants. (A) Overall prevalence. (B and C) Prevalence for women (B) and men (C). (D–F) Prevalence for participants aged 18–44 years (D), 45–54 years (E), and 55–74 years (F). HCHS/SOL, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos; NH, non-Hispanic; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Figure 1.

Age-adjusted, weighted prevalenceof CKD in Hispanic/Latino HCHS/SOL participants and Mexican-American, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white 2007–2010 NHANES participants. (A) Overall prevalence. (B and C) Prevalence for women (B) and men (C). (D–F) Prevalence for participants aged 18–44 years (D), 45–54 years (E), and 55–74 years (F). HCHS/SOL, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos; NH, non-Hispanic; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.