Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy; A Review of the Latest Advances and Future Directions in Management

Jamie R F Wilson, Jetan H Badhiwala, Ali Moghaddamjou, Allan R Martin, Michael G Fehlings, Jamie R F Wilson, Jetan H Badhiwala, Ali Moghaddamjou, Allan R Martin, Michael G Fehlings

Abstract

The assessment, diagnosis, operative and nonoperative management of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) have evolved rapidly over the last 20 years. A clearer understanding of the pathobiology of DCM has led to attempts to develop objective measurements of the severity of myelopathy, including technology such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, biomarkers, and ancillary clinical testing. New pharmacological treatments have the potential to alter the course of surgical outcomes, and greater innovation in surgical techniques have made surgery safer, more effective and less invasive. Future developments for the treatment of DCM will seek to improve the diagnostic accuracy of imaging, improve the objectivity of clinical assessment, and increase the use of surgical technology to ensure the best outcome is achieved for each individual patient.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Degenerative cervical myelopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Surgery.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
T2 sagittal magnetic resonance imaging of 2 patients pre- and postoperative surgical decompression for degenerative cervical myelopathy, with the additional of the modified K-line in red. Panel A demonstrates an example of loss of the normal cervical lordosis, with the anterior compressive elements

References

    1. Nurick S. The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain. 1972;95:87–100.
    1. Karadimas SK, Erwin WM, Ely CG, et al. Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S21–36.
    1. Nouri A, Tetreault L, Singh A, et al. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40:E675–93.
    1. Institute of Medicine Committee on Comparative Effectiveness Research Prioritization . Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine; 2009.
    1. Karadimas SK, Gatzounis G, Fehlings MG. Pathobiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Eur Spine J. 2015;24 Suppl 2:132–8.
    1. Klironomos G, Karadimas S, Mavrakis A, et al. New experimental rabbit animal model for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:1097–102.
    1. Karadimas SK, Moon ES, Yu WR, et al. A novel experimental model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) to facilitate translational research. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;54:43–58.
    1. Brain WR, Knight GC, Bull JW. Discussion of rupture of the intervertebral disc in the cervical region. Proc R Soc Med. 1948;41:509–16.
    1. Breig A, Turnbull I, Hassler O. Effects of mechanical stresses on the spinal cord in cervical spondylosis. A study on fresh cadaver material. J Neurosurg. 1966;25:45–56.
    1. Taylor AR. Mechanism and treatment of spinal-cord disorders associated with cervical spondylosis. Lancet. 1953;1:717–20.
    1. Kalsi-Ryan S, Karadimas SK, Fehlings MG. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the clinical phenomenon and the current pathobiology of an increasingly prevalent and devastating disorder. Neuroscientist. 2013;19:409–21.
    1. Karadimas SK, Klironomos G, Papachristou DJ, et al. Immunohistochemical profile of NF-κB/p50, NF-κB/p65, MMP-9, MMP-2, and u-PA in experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:4–10.
    1. Yu WR, Liu T, Kiehl TR, et al. Human neuropathological and animal model evidence supporting a role for Fas-mediated apoptosis and inflammation in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 5):1277–92.
    1. Hirai T, Uchida K, Nakajima H, et al. The prevalence and phenotype of activated microglia/macrophages within the spinal cord of the hyperostotic mouse (twy/twy) changes in response to chronic progressive spinal cord compression: implications for human cervical compressive myelopathy. PLoS One. 2013;8:e64528.
    1. Yu WR, Baptiste DC, Liu T, et al. Molecular mechanisms of spinal cord dysfunction and cell death in the spinal hyperostotic mouse: implications for the pathophysiology of human cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurobiol Dis. 2009;33:149–63.
    1. Karadimas SK, Gialeli CH, Klironomos G, et al. The role of oligodendrocytes in the molecular pathobiology and potential molecular treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17:1048–58.
    1. Inukai T, Uchida K, Nakajima H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors contribute to apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of spinal hyperostotic mouse (twy/twy) sustaining chronic mechanical compression. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:2848–57.
    1. Takenouchi T, Setoguchi T, Yone K, et al. Expression of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in mouse spinal cord under chronic mechanical compression: possible involvement of the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in spinal cord cell apoptosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:1943–50.
    1. Agrawal SK, Fehlings MG. Mechanisms of secondary injury to spinal cord axons in vitro: role of Na+, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)-H+ exchanger, and the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger. J Neurosci. 1996;16:545–52.
    1. Haigney MC, Miyata H, Lakatta EG, et al. Dependence of hypoxic cellular calcium loading on Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange. Circ Res. 1992;71:547–57.
    1. Haigney MC, Lakatta EG, Stern MD, et al. Sodium channel blockade reduces hypoxic sodium loading and sodium-dependent calcium loading. Circulation. 1994;90:391–9.
    1. Regan RF, Choi DW. Glutamate neurotoxicity in spinal cord cell culture. Neuroscience. 1991;43:585–91.
    1. Schwartz G, Fehlings MG. Secondary injury mechanisms of spinal cord trauma: a novel therapeutic approach for the management of secondary pathophysiology with the sodium channel blocker riluzole. Prog Brain Res. 2002;137:177–90.
    1. Kopjar B, Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, et al. Psychometric properties of the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40:E23–8.
    1. Furlan JC, Catharine Craven B. Psychometric analysis and critical appraisal of the original, revised, and modified versions of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score in the assessment of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;40:E6.
    1. Zhou F, Zhang Y, Sun Y, et al. Assessment of the minimum clinically important difference in neurological function and quality of life after surgery in cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients: a prospective cohort study. Eur Spine J. 2015;24:2918–23.
    1. Singh A, Crockard HA. Comparison of seven different scales used to quantify severity of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and post-operative improvement. J Outcome Meas. 2001-2002;5:798–818.
    1. Kalsi-Ryan S, Singh A, Massicotte EM, et al. Ancillary outcome measures for assessment of individuals with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S111–22.
    1. Zhan A, Mohan S, Tarolli C, et al. Using smartphones and machine learning to quantify parkinson disease severity: the Mobile Parkinson Disease Score. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:876–80.
    1. Stewart M, Smith S, Davies B, et al. P90 A systematic review of spinal cord serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for use in degenerative cervical myelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2019;90:e45–6.
    1. Laliberte AM. An examination of the role of MicroRNA-21 in the pathobiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy using human and animal data. Toronto: Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto; 2018.
    1. Xu C, Zhang H, Zhou W, et al. MicroRNA-10a, -210, and -563 as circulating biomarkers for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine J. 2019;19:735–43.
    1. Jutzeler CR, Ulrich A, Huber B, et al. Improved diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy with contact heat evoked potentials. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:2045–53.
    1. Nouri A, Martin AR, Kato S, et al. The relationship between MRI signal intensity changes, clinical presentation, and surgical outcome in degenerative cervical myelopathy: analysis of a global cohort. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017;42:1851–8.
    1. Martin AR, Aleksanderek I, Cohen-Adad J, et al. Translating state-of-the-art spinal cord MRI techniques to clinical use: a systematic review of clinical studies utilizing DTI, MT, MWF, MRS, and fMRI. Neuroimage Clin. 2015;10:192–238.
    1. Martin AR, De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, et al. Can microstructural MRI detect subclinical tissue injury in subjects with asymptomatic cervical spinal cord compression? A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e019809
    1. Martin AR, De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, et al. Clinically feasible microstructural MRI to quantify cervical spinal cord tissue injury using DTI, MT, and T2*-weighted imaging: assessment of normative data and reliability. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38:1257–65.
    1. Yoo WK, Kim TH, Hai DM, et al. Correlation of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and clinical findings of cervical myelopathy. Spine J. 2013;13:867–76.
    1. Grabher P, Mohammadi S, David G, et al. Neurodegeneration in the spinal ventral horn prior to motor impairment in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:2329–34.
    1. Martin AR, De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, et al. A novel MRI biomarker of spinal cord white matter injury: T2*-weighted white matter to gray matter signal intensity ratio. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38:1266–73.
    1. De Leener B, Lévy S, Dupont SM, et al. CT: spinal cord toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data. Neuroimage. 2017;145(Pt A):24–43.
    1. Merali ZG, Witiw CD, Badhiwala JH, et al. Using a machine learning approach to predict outcome after surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0215133.
    1. Badhiwala JH, Hachem LD, Merali Z, et al. Predicting outcomes after surgical decompression for mild degenerative cervical myelopathy: moving beyond the mJOA to identify surgical candidates. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jun 21; doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyz160. [Epub]. pii: nyz160.
    1. Badhiwala JH, Witiw CD, Nassiri F, et al. Efficacy and safety of surgery for mild degenerative cervical myelopathy: results of the AOSpine North America and International Prospective Multicenter Studies. Neurosurgery. 2019;84:890–7.
    1. Kadaňka Z, Bednařík J, Novotný O, et al. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: conservative versus surgical treatment after 10 years. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:1533–8.
    1. Rhee J, Tetreault LA, Chapman JR, et al. Nonoperative versus operative management for the treatment degenerative cervical myelopathy: an updated systematic review. Global Spine J. 2017;7(3 Suppl):35S–41S.
    1. Rhee JM, Shamji MF, Erwin WM, et al. Nonoperative management of cervical myelopathy: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S55–67.
    1. Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Lyon M, et al. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2002. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND)
    1. Mizoule J, Meldrum B, Mazadier M, et al. 2-Amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole, a possible antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission--I. Anticonvulsant properties. Neuropharmacology. 1985;24:767–73.
    1. Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Karadimas SK, et al. Clinical evaluation of a neuroprotective drug in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing surgical treatment: design and rationale for the CSM-Protect trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S68–75.
    1. Karadimas SK, Laliberte AM, Tetreault L, et al. Riluzole blocks perioperative ischemia-reperfusion injury and enhances postdecompression outcomes in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:316ra194.
    1. Satkunendrarajah K, Nassiri F, Karadimas SK, et al. Riluzole promotes motor and respiratory recovery associated with enhanced neuronal survival and function following high cervical spinal hemisection. Exp Neurol. 2016;276:59–71.
    1. Michael Fehlings BK, Badhiwala J, Ahn H, et al. The safety and efficacy of riluzole in enhancing clinical outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: results of the CSM-Protect double-blinded, multicentre randomized controlled trial in 300 patients. Can J Surg. 2019;62(4 Suppl 1):S46.
    1. Vidal PM, Karadimas SK, Ulndreaj A, et al. Delayed decompression exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury in cervical compressive myelopathy. JCI Insight. 2017 Jun 2;2(11):pii: 92512. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.92512.
    1. Li XQ, Lv HW, Tan WF, et al. Role of the TLR4 pathway in blood-spinal cord barrier dysfunction during the bimodal stage after ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation. 2014;11:62.
    1. Li XQ, Wang J, Fang B, et al. Intrathecal antagonism of microglial TLR4 reduces inflammatory damage to blood-spinal cord barrier following ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Mol Brain. 2014;7:28.
    1. Zhang N, Komine-Kobayashi M, Tanaka R, et al. Edaravone reduces early accumulation of oxidative products and sequential inflammatory responses after transient focal ischemia in mice brain. Stroke. 2005;36:2220–5.
    1. Vidal PM, Ulndreaj A, Badner A, et al. Methylprednisolone treatment enhances early recovery following surgical decompression for degenerative cervical myelopathy without compromise to the systemic immune system. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:222.
    1. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1405–11.
    1. Evaniew N, Belley-Côté EP, Fallah N, et al. Methylprednisolone for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33:468–81.
    1. Evaniew N, Noonan VK, Fallah N, et al. Methylprednisolone for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord injuries: a propensity score-matched cohort study from a Canadian multi-center spinal cord injury registry. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1674–83.
    1. Jeyamohan SB, Kenning TJ, Petronis KA, et al. Effect of steroid use in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;23:137–43.
    1. Aljabi Y, El-Shawarby A, Cawley DT, et al. Effect of epidural methylprednisolone on post-operative pain and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy. Surgeon. 2015;13:245–9.
    1. Ghasemi M, Masaeli A, Rezvani M, et al. Oral prednisolone in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a randomized placebo controlled trial. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S43–6.
    1. Meyer F, Börm W, Thomé C. Degenerative cervical spinal stenosis: current strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008;105:366–72.
    1. Bergknut N, Rutges JP, Kranenburg HJ, et al. The dog as an animal model for intervertebral disc degeneration? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:351–8.
    1. Erwin WM, DeSouza L, Funabashi M, et al. The biological basis of degenerative disc disease: proteomic and biomechanical analysis of the canine intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:240.
    1. Imai Y, Okuma M, An HS, et al. Restoration of disc height loss by recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 injection into intervertebral discs undergoing degeneration induced by an intradiscal injection of chondroitinase ABC. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:1197–205.
    1. Masuda K, Imai Y, Okuma M, et al. Osteogenic protein-1 injection into a degenerated disc induces the restoration of disc height and structural changes in the rabbit anular puncture model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:742–54.
    1. Walsh AJ, Bradford DS, Lotz JC. In vivo growth factor treatment of degenerated intervertebral discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:156–63.
    1. Wei A, Williams LA, Bhargav D, et al. BMP13 prevents the effects of annular injury in an ovine model. Int J Biol Sci. 2009;5:388–96.
    1. Leckie SK, Bechara BP, Hartman RA, et al. Injection of AAV2-BMP2 and AAV2-TIMP1 into the nucleus pulposus slows the course of intervertebral disc degeneration in an in vivo rabbit model. Spine J. 2012;12:7–20.
    1. Nishida K, Doita M, Takada T, et al. Sustained transgene expression in intervertebral disc cells in vivo mediated by microbubble-enhanced ultrasound gene therapy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:1415–9.
    1. Paul R, Haydon RC, Cheng H, et al. Potential use of Sox9 gene therapy for intervertebral degenerative disc disease. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:755–63.
    1. Seki S, Asanuma-Abe Y, Masuda K, et al. Effect of small interference RNA (siRNA) for ADAMTS5 on intervertebral disc degeneration in the rabbit anular needle-puncture model. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:R166.
    1. Zhang YH, Zhao CQ, Jiang LS, et al. Lentiviral shRNA silencing of CHOP inhibits apoptosis induced by cyclic stretch in rat annular cells and attenuates disc degeneration in the rats. Apoptosis. 2011;16:594–605.
    1. Bae WC, Masuda K. Emerging technologies for molecular therapy for intervertebral disk degeneration. Orthop Clin North Am. 2011;42:585–601. ix.
    1. Dowdell J, Erwin M, Choma T, et al. Intervertebral disk degeneration and repair. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(3S):S46–54.
    1. Urits I, Capuco A, Sharma M, et al. Stem cell therapies for treatment of discogenic low back pain: a comprehensive review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23:65.
    1. Wang Z, Perez-Terzic CM, Smith J, et al. Efficacy of intervertebral disc regeneration with stem cells - a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal controlled trials. Gene. 2015;564:1–8.
    1. Meisel HJ, Ganey T, Hutton WC, et al. Clinical experience in cell-based therapeutics: intervention and outcome. Eur Spine J. 2006;15 Suppl 3:S397–405.
    1. Meisel HJ, Siodla V, Ganey T, et al. Clinical experience in cell-based therapeutics: disc chondrocyte transplantation A treatment for degenerated or damaged intervertebral disc. Biomol Eng. 2007;24:5–21.
    1. Orozco L, Soler R, Morera C, et al. Intervertebral disc repair by autologous mesenchymal bone marrow cells: a pilot study. Transplantation. 2011;92:822–8.
    1. Yoshikawa T, Ueda Y, Miyazaki K, et al. Disc regeneration therapy using marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation: a report of two case studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:E475–80.
    1. Kurd MF, Kreitz T, Schroeder G, et al. The role of multimodal analgesia in spine surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25:260–8.
    1. Devin CJ, McGirt MJ. Best evidence in multimodal pain management in spine surgery and means of assessing postoperative pain and functional outcomes. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:930–8.
    1. Lee CH, Lee J, Kang JD, et al. Laminoplasty versus laminectomy and fusion for multilevel cervical myelopathy: a meta-analysis of clinical and radiological outcomes. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22:589–95.
    1. Woolf CJ, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia--treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:362–79.
    1. Chang WK, Wu HL, Yang CS, et al. Effect on pain relief and inflammatory response following addition of tenoxicam to intravenous patient-controlled morphine analgesia: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study in patients undergoing spine fusion surgery. Pain Med. 2013;14:736–48.
    1. Dodwell ER, Latorre JG, Parisini E, et al. NSAID exposure and risk of nonunion: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010;87:193–202.
    1. Jirarattanaphochai K, Jung S. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for postoperative pain management after lumbar spine surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008;9:22–31.
    1. Li Q, Zhang Z, Cai Z. High-dose ketorolac affects adult spinal fusion: a meta-analysis of the effect of perioperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:E461–8.
    1. Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR, et al. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280:1831–6.
    1. Lesser H, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L, et al. Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2004;63:2104–10.
    1. Lo YL, Cheong PW, George JM, et al. Pregabalin and Radicular Pain Study (PARPS) for cervical spondylosis in a multiracial Asian population. J Clin Med Res. 2014;6:66–71.
    1. Fehlings MG, Barry S, Kopjar B, et al. Anterior versus posterior surgical approaches to treat cervical spondylotic myelopathy: outcomes of the prospective multicenter AOSpine North America CSM study in 264 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:2247–52.
    1. Asher AL, Devin CJ, Kerezoudis P, et al. Comparison of outcomes following anterior vs posterior fusion surgery for patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: an analysis from quality outcomes database. Neurosurgery. 2019;84:919–26.
    1. Kato S, Nouri A, Wu D, et al. Comparison of anterior and posterior surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: an MRI-based propensity-score-matched analysis using data from the prospective multicenter AOSpine CSM North America and International Studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1013–21.
    1. Ghogawala Z, Benzel EC, Heary RF, et al. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy surgical trial: randomized, controlled trial design and rationale. Neurosurgery. 2014;75:334–46.
    1. Wilson J, Jiang F, Fehlings M. Clinical predictors of complications and outcomes in degenerative cervical myeloradiculopathy. Indian Spine J. 2019;2:59–67.
    1. Uchida K, Nakajima H, Sato R, et al. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy associated with kyphosis or sagittal sigmoid alignment: outcome after anterior or posterior decompression. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;11:521–8.
    1. Taniyama T, Hirai T, Yamada T, et al. Modified K-line in magnetic resonance imaging predicts insufficient decompression of cervical laminoplasty. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:496–501.
    1. Taniyama T, Hirai T, Yoshii T, et al. Modified K-line in magnetic resonance imaging predicts clinical outcome in patients with nonlordotic alignment after laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014;39:E1261–8.
    1. Shamji MF, Mohanty C, Massicotte EM, et al. The association of cervical spine alignment with neurologic recovery in a prospective cohort of patients with surgical myelopathy: analysis of a series of 124 cases. World Neurosurg. 2016;86:112–9.
    1. Ban D, Liu Y, Cao T, et al. Safety of outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2016;21:34.
    1. McClelland S, 3rd, Oren JH, Protopsaltis TS, et al. Outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;34:166–8.
    1. Douglas AF, Cooper PR. Cervical corpectomy and strut grafting. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(1 Supp1 1):S137–42.
    1. Ghogawala Z. Anterior cervical option to manage degenerative cervical myelopathy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2018;29:83–9.
    1. Shamji MF, Massicotte EM, Traynelis VC, et al. Comparison of anterior surgical options for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S195–209.
    1. Ashkenazi E, Smorgick Y, Rand N, et al. Anterior decompression combined with corpectomies and discectomies in the management of multilevel cervical myelopathy: a hybrid decompression and fixation technique. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;3:205–9.
    1. Liu Y, Yu KY, Hu JH. Hybrid decompression technique and two-level corpectomy are effective treatments for three-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10:696–701.
    1. George B, Gauthier N, Lot G. Multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy treated by multilevel oblique corpectomies without fusion. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:81–90.
    1. Chibbaro S, Benvenuti L, Carnesecchi S, et al. Anterior cervical corpectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: experience and surgical results in a series of 70 consecutive patients. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:233–8.
    1. Kiris T, Kilinçer C. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated by oblique corpectomy: a prospective study. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:674–82.
    1. Abduljabbar FH, Teles AR, Bokhari R, et al. Laminectomy with or without fusion to manage degenerative cervical myelopathy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2018;29:91–105.
    1. Youssef JA, Heiner AD, Montgomery JR, et al. Outcomes of posterior cervical fusion and decompression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2019 May 7; doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.04.019. [Epub]. pii: S1529-9430(19)30166-4.
    1. Luo W, Li Y, Zhao J, et al. Skip Laminectomy compared with laminoplasty for cervical compressive myelopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2018;120:296–301.
    1. Traynelis VC, Arnold PM, Fourney DR, et al. Alternative procedures for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: arthroplasty, oblique corpectomy, skip laminectomy: evaluation of comparative effectiveness and safety. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S210–31.
    1. Wilson JR, Tetreault LA, Kim J, et al. State of the art in degenerative cervical myelopathy: an update on current clinical evidence. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(3S):S33–45.
    1. Fehlings MG, Santaguida C, Tetreault L, et al. Laminectomy and fusion versus laminoplasty for the treatment of degenerative cervical myelopathy: results from the AOSpine North America and International prospective multicenter studies. Spine J. 2017;17:102–8.
    1. Yoon ST, Hashimoto RE, Raich A, et al. Outcomes after laminoplasty compared with laminectomy and fusion in patients with cervical myelopathy: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S183–94.
    1. Blizzard DJ, Caputo AM, Sheets CZ, et al. Laminoplasty versus laminectomy with fusion for the treatment of spondylotic cervical myelopathy: short-term follow-up. Eur Spine J. 2017;26:85–93.
    1. Lau D, Winkler EA, Than KD, et al. Laminoplasty versus laminectomy with posterior spinal fusion for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: influence of cervical alignment on outcomes. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;27:508–17.
    1. Latka D, Kozlowska K, Miekisiak G, et al. Safety and efficacy of cervical disc arthroplasty in preventing the adjacent segment disease: a meta-analysis of mid- to long-term outcomes in prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter studies. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:531–9.
    1. Nandyala SV, Marquez-Lara A, Fineberg SJ, et al. Comparison of revision surgeries for one- to two-level cervical TDR and ACDF from 2002 to 2011. Spine J. 2014;14:2841–6.
    1. Fay LY, Huang WC, Wu JC, et al. Arthroplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: similar results to patients with only radiculopathy at 3 years’ follow-up. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21:400–10.
    1. Zheng B, Hao D, Guo H, et al. ACDF vs TDR for patients with cervical spondylosis - an 8 year follow up study. BMC Surg. 2017;17:113.
    1. Laratta JL, Shillingford JN, Saifi C, et al. Cervical disc arthroplasty: a comprehensive review of single-level, multilevel, and hybrid procedures. Global Spine J. 2018;8:78–83.
    1. Arab A, Alkherayf F, Sachs A, et al. Use of 3D navigation in subaxial cervical spine lateral mass screw insertion. J Neurol Surg Rep. 2018;79:e1–8.
    1. Shimokawa N, Takami T. Surgical safety of cervical pedicle screw placement with computer navigation system. Neurosurg Rev. 2017;40:251–8.
    1. Miyahara J, Hirao Y, Matsubayashi Y, et al. Computer tomography navigation for the transoral anterior release of a complex craniovertebral junction deformity: a report of two cases. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;24:142–5.
    1. Malham GM, Wells-Quinn T. What should my hospital buy next?-Guidelines for the acquisition and application of imaging, navigation, and robotics for spine surgery. J Spine Surg. 2019;5:155–65.
    1. Hernandez RN, Wipplinger C, Navarro-Ramirez R, et al. Ten-step minimally invasive cervical decompression via unilateral tubular laminotomy: technical note and early clinical experience. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2019 Jun 27; doi: 10.1093/ons/opz156. [Epub]. pii: opz156.
    1. Lin Y, Rao S, Li Y, et al. Posterior percutaneous full-endoscopic cervical laminectomy and decompression for cervical stenosis with myelopathy: a technical note. World Neurosurg. 2019 Jan 12; doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.180. pii: S1878-8750(19)30051-8 [Epub].
    1. Vergara P, Timofeev I. Minimally invasive anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a valid alternative to open techniques. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018;160:2467–71.
    1. Quillo-Olvera J, Lin GX, Suen TK, et al. Anterior transcorporeal tunnel approach for cervical myelopathy guided by CT-based intraoperative spinal navigation: technical note. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;48:218–23.
    1. Davies BM, Khan DZ, Mowforth OD, et al. RE-CODE DCM (REsearch Objectives and Common Data Elements for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy): a consensus process to improve research efficiency in DCM, through establishment of a standardized dataset for clinical research and the definition of the research priorities. Global Spine J. 2019;9(1 Suppl):65S–76S.

Source: PubMed

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

3
구독하다