Association of High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Versus Apolipoprotein A-I With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer-Norfolk Prospective Population Study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, and the Women's Health Study

Julian C van Capelleveen, Andrea E Bochem, S Matthijs Boekholdt, Samia Mora, Ron C Hoogeveen, Christie M Ballantyne, Paul M Ridker, Wensheng Sun, Philip J Barter, Alan R Tall, Aeilko H Zwinderman, John J P Kastelein, Nick J Wareham, Kay-Tee Khaw, G Kees Hovingh, Julian C van Capelleveen, Andrea E Bochem, S Matthijs Boekholdt, Samia Mora, Ron C Hoogeveen, Christie M Ballantyne, Paul M Ridker, Wensheng Sun, Philip J Barter, Alan R Tall, Aeilko H Zwinderman, John J P Kastelein, Nick J Wareham, Kay-Tee Khaw, G Kees Hovingh

Abstract

Background: The contribution of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk stratification over and above high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is unclear. We studied the associations between plasma levels of HDL-C and apoA-I, either alone or combined, with risk of CHD events and cardiovascular risk factors among apparently healthy men and women.

Methods and results: HDL-C and apoA-I levels were measured among 17 661 participants of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer)-Norfolk prospective population study. Hazard ratios for CHD events and distributions of risk factors were calculated by quartiles of HDL-C and apoA-I. Results were validated using data from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) and WHS (Women's Health Study) cohorts, comprising 15 494 and 27 552 individuals, respectively. In EPIC-Norfolk, both HDL-C and apoA-I quartiles were strongly and inversely associated with CHD risk. Within HDL-C quartiles, higher apoA-I levels were not associated with lower CHD risk; in fact, CHD risk was higher within some HDL-C quartiles. ApoA-I levels were associated with higher levels of CHD risk factors: higher body mass index, HbA1c, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, systolic blood pressure, and C-reactive protein, within fixed HDL-C quartiles. In contrast, HDL-C levels were consistently inversely associated with overall CHD risk and CHD risk factors within apoA-I quartiles (P<0.001). These findings were validated in the ARIC and WHS cohorts.

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that apoA-I levels do not offer predictive information over and above HDL-C. In fact, within some HDL-C quartiles, higher apoA-I levels were associated with higher risk of CHD events, possibly because of the unexpected higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in association with higher apoA-I levels.

Clinical trial registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000479.

Keywords: apolipoprotein A‐I; cardiovascular disease; coronary heart disease; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.

© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Adjusted hazard ratios for coronary heart disease per HDL‐C (A) and apolipoprotein A‐I (B) quartile in the EPIC‐Norfolk Study. Data are shown as hazard ratios and corresponding 95% CI for the risk of future coronary heart disease events. Hazard ratios were calculated by quartile, using the lowest quartile as reference category, and were adjusted for sex, age, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, apolipoprotein B, C‐reactive protein, and triglyceride levels. ApoA‐I indicates apolipoprotein A‐I; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier event‐free survival curves per HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A‐I quartile in the EPIC‐Norfolk Study. ApoA‐I indicates apolipoprotein A‐I; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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