Maternal and child factors associated with child body fatness in a Ghanaian cohort

Sika M Kumordzie, Harriet Okronipa, Mary Arimond, Seth Adu-Afarwuah, Maku E Ocansey, Rebecca R Young, Helena J Bentil, Solace M Tamakloe, Brietta M Oaks, Kathryn G Dewey, Sika M Kumordzie, Harriet Okronipa, Mary Arimond, Seth Adu-Afarwuah, Maku E Ocansey, Rebecca R Young, Helena J Bentil, Solace M Tamakloe, Brietta M Oaks, Kathryn G Dewey

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to identify factors (child diet, physical activity; maternal BMI) associated with body composition of Ghanaian pre-school children.

Design: Longitudinal analysis of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD-Ghana randomized trial, which enrolled 1320 pregnant women at ≤20 weeks' gestation and followed them and their infants until 6 and 18 months postpartum, respectively. At follow-up, child age 4-6 years, we collected data on body composition (by 2H dilution), physical activity and diet, extracted dietary patterns using factor analysis, and examined the association of children's percentage body fat with maternal and child factors by regression analysis.

Setting: Eastern Region, Ghana.

Participants: Children 4-6 years of age.

Results: The analysis included 889 children with percentage body fat and dietary data at follow-up. We identified two major dietary patterns, a snacking and a cooked foods pattern. Percentage body fat was positively associated (standardized β (se)) with maternal BMI at follow-up (0·10 (0·03); P = 0·003) and negatively associated with physical activity (-0·15 (0·05); P = 0·003, unadjusted for child gender), but not associated with the snacking (0·06 (0·03); P = 0·103) or cooked foods (-0·05 (0·07); P = 0·474) pattern. Boys were more active than girls (1470 v. 1314 mean vector magnitude counts/min; P < 0·0001) and had lower percentage body fat (13·8 v. 16·9 %; P < 0·0001).

Conclusions: In this population, maternal overweight and child physical activity, especially among girls, may be key factors for addressing child overweight/obesity. We did not demonstrate a relationship between the dietary patterns and body fatness, which may be related to limitations of the dietary data available.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00970866.

Keywords: Body composition; Diet; Factor analysis; Ghanaian children; Physical activity.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study profile of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD-Ghana trial (IFA, iron–folic acid; MMN, multiple micronutrients; LNS, lipid-based nutrient supplement)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Conceptual model of the relationships of maternal and child factors with child percentage body fat
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Final path model of the maternal and child factors related to percentage body fat at 4–6 years in the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD-Ghana trial follow-up using structural equation modelling. Numbers in the model are standardized β coefficients obtained by including all variables in the model and not from individual regression models. Additionally, the model is adjusted for child age, child sex and intervention group. We did not include nulliparous at enrolment in the final model because maternal age and being nulliparous at enrolment were strongly correlated (r = −0·49, P < 0·0001). *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0.001

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Source: PubMed

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