Reduced sleep spindle activity in early-onset and elevated risk for depression
Jorge Lopez, Robert Hoffmann, Roseanne Armitage, Jorge Lopez, Robert Hoffmann, Roseanne Armitage
Abstract
Objective: Sleep disturbances are common in major depressive disorder (MDD), although polysomnographic (PSG) abnormalities are more prevalent in adults than in children and adolescents with MDD. Sleep spindle activity (SPA) is associated with neuroplasticity mechanisms during brain maturation and is more abundant in childhood and adolescence than in adulthood, and as such, may be a more sensitive measure of sleep alteration than PSG in early-onset depression. This study investigated SPA changes related to early-onset MDD, comparing individuals already ill with MDD and individuals at high-risk for MDD with healthy nondepressed controls.
Method: The study included 63 participants (8 to 15 years of age): 21 currently depressed individuals, 21 individuals at high risk for MDD based on positive family history of MDD, and 21 healthy control individuals with no personal or family history of psychiatric illness. All participants maintained a regular sleep/wake schedule for 5 days, followed by 2 nights in the laboratory. SPA was analyzed in Stage 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep.
Results: SPA differed significantly between groups, particularly in the late part of the night (F(2,62) = 7.3, p = .001). Although the difference was greatest between the MDD and healthy control groups, both the MDD (p = .0004) and at high-risk groups (p = .02) had significantly lower SPA compared with healthy controls. SPA deficit was more prominent in females than in males (F(5,62) = 5.19, p = .005).
Conclusions: Low SPA characterizes youths with MDD and those at high risk for MDD, particularly girls, suggesting that early-onset depression and risk for the MDD are associated with decreased neuroplasticity.
2010 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2946379/bin/nihms211624f1.jpg)
Figure 2
Spindle density in each of…
Figure 2
Spindle density in each of the non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) periods. Note: HC…
Figure 3
Spindle density in the 3…
Figure 3
Spindle density in the 3 rd (A) and 4 th (B) non-Rapid Eye…
- Subjective sleep complaints in pediatric depression: a controlled study and comparison with EEG measures of sleep and waking.Bertocci MA, Dahl RE, Williamson DE, Iosif AM, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Ryan ND. Bertocci MA, et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;44(11):1158-66. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000179057.54419.17. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005. PMID: 16239865
- Sleep polysomnography as a predictor of recurrence in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.Emslie GJ, Armitage R, Weinberg WA, Rush AJ, Mayes TL, Hoffmann RF. Emslie GJ, et al. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;4(2):159-68. doi: 10.1017/S1461145701002383. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001. PMID: 11466166
- Polysomnographic features of early-onset depression: a meta-analysis.Augustinavicius JL, Zanjani A, Zakzanis KK, Shapiro CM. Augustinavicius JL, et al. J Affect Disord. 2014 Apr;158:11-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.009. Epub 2014 Jan 9. J Affect Disord. 2014. PMID: 24655760 Review.
- Objective sleep in pediatric anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder.Forbes EE, Bertocci MA, Gregory AM, Ryan ND, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Dahl RE. Forbes EE, et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;47(2):148-155. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815cd9bc. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008. PMID: 18176336 Free PMC article.
- The status of sleep abnormalities as a diagnostic test for major depressive disorder.Arfken CL, Joseph A, Sandhu GR, Roehrs T, Douglass AB, Boutros NN. Arfken CL, et al. J Affect Disord. 2014 Mar;156:36-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.007. Epub 2013 Dec 16. J Affect Disord. 2014. PMID: 24412322 Review.
- Rethinking the risk for depression using the RDoC: A psychophysiological perspective.Dell'Acqua C, Palomba D, Patron E, Messerotti Benvenuti S. Dell'Acqua C, et al. Front Psychol. 2023 Feb 6;14:1108275. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108275. eCollection 2023. Front Psychol. 2023. PMID: 36814670 Free PMC article. Review.
- Non-REM sleep in major depressive disorder.Bovy L, Weber FD, Tendolkar I, Fernández G, Czisch M, Steiger A, Zeising M, Dresler M. Bovy L, et al. Neuroimage Clin. 2022;36:103275. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103275. Epub 2022 Nov 24. Neuroimage Clin. 2022. PMID: 36451376 Free PMC article.
- Correlating electroconvulsive therapy response to electroencephalographic markers: Study protocol.Subramanian S, Labonte AK, Nguyen T, Luong AH, Hyche O, Smith SK, Hogan RE, Farber NB, Palanca BJA, Kafashan M; CET-REM Study Group. Subramanian S, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Nov 3;13:996733. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.996733. eCollection 2022. Front Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 36405897 Free PMC article.
- Effects of exercise on sleep spindles in Parkinson's disease.Memon AA, Catiul C, Irwin Z, Pilkington J, Memon RA, Joop A, Wood KH, Cutter G, Bamman M, Miocinovic S, Amara AW. Memon AA, et al. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022 Aug 11;3:952289. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.952289. eCollection 2022. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022. PMID: 36188974 Free PMC article.
- Early Life Sleep Deprivation and Brain Development: Insights From Human and Animal Studies.Alrousan G, Hassan A, Pillai AA, Atrooz F, Salim S. Alrousan G, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 May 3;16:833786. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833786. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35592259 Free PMC article.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Adolescent
- Child
- Comorbidity
- Depressive Disorder, Major / diagnosis*
- Depressive Disorder, Major / genetics*
- Early Diagnosis
- Electroencephalography*
- Female
- Frontal Lobe / physiopathology
- Genetic Markers / genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Neuronal Plasticity / physiology
- Polysomnography
- Sex Factors
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted*
- Sleep Stages / physiology*
- Genetic Markers
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Miscellaneous
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![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2946379/bin/nihms211624f2.jpg)
Figure 3
Spindle density in the 3…
Figure 3
Spindle density in the 3 rd (A) and 4 th (B) non-Rapid Eye…
- Subjective sleep complaints in pediatric depression: a controlled study and comparison with EEG measures of sleep and waking.Bertocci MA, Dahl RE, Williamson DE, Iosif AM, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Ryan ND. Bertocci MA, et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;44(11):1158-66. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000179057.54419.17. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005. PMID: 16239865
- Sleep polysomnography as a predictor of recurrence in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.Emslie GJ, Armitage R, Weinberg WA, Rush AJ, Mayes TL, Hoffmann RF. Emslie GJ, et al. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;4(2):159-68. doi: 10.1017/S1461145701002383. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001. PMID: 11466166
- Polysomnographic features of early-onset depression: a meta-analysis.Augustinavicius JL, Zanjani A, Zakzanis KK, Shapiro CM. Augustinavicius JL, et al. J Affect Disord. 2014 Apr;158:11-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.009. Epub 2014 Jan 9. J Affect Disord. 2014. PMID: 24655760 Review.
- Objective sleep in pediatric anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder.Forbes EE, Bertocci MA, Gregory AM, Ryan ND, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Dahl RE. Forbes EE, et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;47(2):148-155. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815cd9bc. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008. PMID: 18176336 Free PMC article.
- The status of sleep abnormalities as a diagnostic test for major depressive disorder.Arfken CL, Joseph A, Sandhu GR, Roehrs T, Douglass AB, Boutros NN. Arfken CL, et al. J Affect Disord. 2014 Mar;156:36-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.007. Epub 2013 Dec 16. J Affect Disord. 2014. PMID: 24412322 Review.
- Rethinking the risk for depression using the RDoC: A psychophysiological perspective.Dell'Acqua C, Palomba D, Patron E, Messerotti Benvenuti S. Dell'Acqua C, et al. Front Psychol. 2023 Feb 6;14:1108275. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108275. eCollection 2023. Front Psychol. 2023. PMID: 36814670 Free PMC article. Review.
- Non-REM sleep in major depressive disorder.Bovy L, Weber FD, Tendolkar I, Fernández G, Czisch M, Steiger A, Zeising M, Dresler M. Bovy L, et al. Neuroimage Clin. 2022;36:103275. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103275. Epub 2022 Nov 24. Neuroimage Clin. 2022. PMID: 36451376 Free PMC article.
- Correlating electroconvulsive therapy response to electroencephalographic markers: Study protocol.Subramanian S, Labonte AK, Nguyen T, Luong AH, Hyche O, Smith SK, Hogan RE, Farber NB, Palanca BJA, Kafashan M; CET-REM Study Group. Subramanian S, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Nov 3;13:996733. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.996733. eCollection 2022. Front Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 36405897 Free PMC article.
- Effects of exercise on sleep spindles in Parkinson's disease.Memon AA, Catiul C, Irwin Z, Pilkington J, Memon RA, Joop A, Wood KH, Cutter G, Bamman M, Miocinovic S, Amara AW. Memon AA, et al. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022 Aug 11;3:952289. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.952289. eCollection 2022. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022. PMID: 36188974 Free PMC article.
- Early Life Sleep Deprivation and Brain Development: Insights From Human and Animal Studies.Alrousan G, Hassan A, Pillai AA, Atrooz F, Salim S. Alrousan G, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 May 3;16:833786. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833786. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35592259 Free PMC article.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Adolescent
- Child
- Comorbidity
- Depressive Disorder, Major / diagnosis*
- Depressive Disorder, Major / genetics*
- Early Diagnosis
- Electroencephalography*
- Female
- Frontal Lobe / physiopathology
- Genetic Markers / genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Neuronal Plasticity / physiology
- Polysomnography
- Sex Factors
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted*
- Sleep Stages / physiology*
- Genetic Markers
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Miscellaneous
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2946379/bin/nihms211624f3.jpg)
Source: PubMed