Visceral adiposity and its anatomical distribution as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factor levels

Abstract

Background: Despite the recognition that central obesity plays a critical role in chronic disease, few large-scale imaging studies have documented human variation in abdominal adipose tissue patterning.

Objective: We aimed to compare the associations between abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) and visceral abdominal tissue (VAT), which were measured at different locations across the abdomen, and the presence of the metabolic syndrome (MS; National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition) and individual cardiometabolic risk factors.

Design: This study included 713 non-Hispanic whites aged 18-86 y, in whom VAT and ASAT were assessed by using multiple-image magnetic resonance imaging. The anatomical position of the magnetic resonance image containing the maximum VAT area for each subject was used as a measure of VAT patterning. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relation of VAT, ASAT, and VAT patterning to cardiometabolic risk.

Results: VAT mass was a stronger predictor of the MS than was ASAT mass, but ASAT mass (and other measures of subcutaneous adiposity) had signification interactions with VAT mass, whereby elevated ASAT reduced the probability of MS among men with high VAT (P = 0.0008). There was variation across image locations in the association of VAT area with the MS in men, and magnetic resonance images located 4-8 cm above L4-L5 provided the strongest correlations between VAT area and cardiometabolic risk factors. Subjects whose maximum VAT area was higher in the abdomen had higher LDL-cholesterol concentrations (R(2) = 0.07, P < 0.0001), independent of age and adiposity.

Conclusion: Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of VAT patterning on cardiometabolic risk.

Figures

FIGURE 1

Interaction between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) mass (by tertile) for the probability of the metabolic syndrome in men (probit estimates), n = 363.

FIGURE 2

Odds of the metabolic syndrome (National Cholesterol Education Program definition) associated with a 1-SD increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area at twenty-four 1-cm-thick contiguous image locations spanning from 3 cm below L4–L5 (L4–L5 – 3) to 20 cm above L4–L5 (L4–L5 + 20), adjusted for age, smoking status, physical activity, and fat-free mass, by sex. n = 363 men and 350 women. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

FIGURE 3

Relation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) patterning (location of maximum VAT area) to LDL-cholesterol concentrations in men (n = 363). Individual predicted values from a multivariate-adjusted regression model also included age, VAT mass, smoking status, fat-free mass, and physical activity.