The Profile of Urinary Headspace Volatile Organic Compounds After 12-Week Intake of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin by Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet: Results of a Pilot, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Natalia Drabińska, Elżbieta Jarocka-Cyrta, Norman Mark Ratcliffe, Urszula Krupa-Kozak, Natalia Drabińska, Elżbieta Jarocka-Cyrta, Norman Mark Ratcliffe, Urszula Krupa-Kozak

Abstract

The concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can inform about the metabolic condition of the body. In the small intestine of untreated persons with celiac disease (CD), chronic inflammation can occur, leading to nutritional deficiencies, and consequently to functional impairments of the whole body. Metabolomic studies showed differences in the profile of VOCs in biological fluids of patients with CD in comparison to healthy persons; however, there is scarce quantitative and nutritional intervention information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of a gluten-free diet (GFD) with prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin (Synergy 1) on the concentration of VOCs in the urine of children and adolescents with CD. Twenty-three participants were randomized to the group receiving Synergy 1 (10 g per day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Urinary VOCs were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography⁻mass spectrometry. Sixteen compounds were identified and quantified in urine samples. The supplementation of GFD with Synergy 1 resulted in an average concentration drop (36%) of benzaldehyde in urine samples. In summary, Synergy 1, applied as a supplement of GFD for 12 weeks had a moderate impact on the VOC concentrations in the urine of children with CD.

Keywords: celiac disease; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; gluten-free diet; prebiotic; solid-phase microextraction; volatile organic compounds.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
An example of a chromatogram of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS): (1) acetone; (2) butane-2,3-dione; (3) butan-2-one; (4) pentan-2-one; (5) heptan-4-one; (6) heptan-2-one; (7) 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one; (8) trans-3-octen-2-one; (9) hexanal; (10) benzaldehyde; (11) octanal; (12) dimethyl disulfide; (13) dimethyl trisulfide; (14) d-limonene; (15) linalool; (16) 2-pentylfuran; (17) 4-methylphenol; (18) 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of urinary VOCs at baseline (A), and after the intervention (B). Red circles—Synergy 1 group; green triangles—placebo group. Left graphs—score plot; right graphs—correlation circle presenting correlations between individual VOCs and anthropometric indices.

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