Coherence between Decomposed Components of Wrist and Finger PPG Signals by Imputing Missing Features and Resolving Ambiguous Features

Pei-Yun Tsai, Chiu-Hua Huang, Jia-Wei Guo, Yu-Chuan Li, An-Yeu Andy Wu, Hung-Ju Lin, Tzung-Dau Wang, Pei-Yun Tsai, Chiu-Hua Huang, Jia-Wei Guo, Yu-Chuan Li, An-Yeu Andy Wu, Hung-Ju Lin, Tzung-Dau Wang

Abstract

Background: Feature extraction from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals is an essential step to analyze vascular and hemodynamic information. Different morphologies of PPG waveforms from different measurement sites appear. Various phenomena of missing or ambiguous features exist, which limit subsequent signal processing.

Methods: The reasons that cause missing or ambiguous features of finger and wrist PPG pulses are analyzed based on the concept of component waves from pulse decomposition. Then, a systematic approach for missing-feature imputation and ambiguous-feature resolution is proposed.

Results: From the experimental results, with the imputation and ambiguity resolution technique, features from 35,036 (98.7%) of 35,502 finger PPG cycles and 36307 (99.1%) of 36,652 wrist PPG cycles can be successfully identified. The extracted features became more stable and the standard deviations of their distributions were reduced. Furthermore, significant correlations up to 0.92 were shown between the finger and wrist PPG waveforms regarding the positions and widths of the third to fifth component waves.

Conclusion: The proposed missing-feature imputation and ambiguous-feature resolution solve the problems encountered during PPG feature extraction and expand the feature availability for further processing. More intrinsic properties of finger and wrist PPG are revealed. The coherence between the finger and wrist PPG waveforms enhances the applicability of the wrist PPG.

Keywords: imputation; missing feature; photoplethysmography (PPG); pulse decomposition analysis (PDA).

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan University Hospital (No. 201902087RIPA) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent. The procedures followed were in accordance with institutional guidelines.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Acquisition of finger and wrist signals (left) and processing flow (right).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Five classes of PPG morphology features with normalized amplitude are shown. (a) Class 1: standard PPG, (b) Class 2: missing features in PPG, (c) Class 3: ambiguity in FDPPG, (d) Class 4: ambiguity in SDPPG, and (e) Class 5: missing features in SDPPG.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Synthesized PPG with normalized amplitude and its associated first-order derivative PPG, second-order derivative PPG, and five component waves are shown in (a). Synthesized PPG excluding the last two component waves (diastolic components) and its first-order derivative PPG and second-order derivative are shown in (b).
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Degeneration of notch and diastolic peak in PPG and (b) degeneration of c and d points in SDPPG versus the properties of five component waves that constitute synthesized PPG with normalized amplitude and its associated first-order derivative PPG, second-order derivative PPG, and third-order derivative PPG.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Multiple c and d points in SDPPG and (b) ambiguous max. slope in FDPPG versus the properties of five component waves that constitute synthesized PPG with normalized amplitude and its associated first-order derivative PPG, second-order derivative PPG, and third-order derivative PPG.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Illustration of feature degeneration.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Flow of feature extraction in (a) SDPPG, (b) PPG, and (c) FDPPG.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Comparison of feature extraction ratio with and without imputation.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Bland–Altman plots and scatter plots of the positions of (a) the 3rd component wave, (b) the 4th component wave, and (c) the 5th component wave in paired finger PPG and wrist PPG samples.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Bland–Altman plots and scatter plots of the width of (a) the 3rd component wave, (b) the 4th component wave, and (c) the 5th component wave in paired finger PPG and wrist PPG samples.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Example of extracted features and decomposed component waves of one subject for (a) cycle 24, (b) cycle 25, and (c) cycle 27.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Failed imputation for point c as well as point d but WPDA using positions of points c and d from the previous cycle as a boundary constraint and initial condition.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Example of synchronized (a) finger and (b) wrist PPG cycles with extracted features and decomposed component waves.

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