Prevalence and severity of syndrome Z in women with metabolic syndrome on waiting list for bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study

Eduardo Araujo Perez, Luis Vicente Franco Oliveira, Wilson Rodrigues Freitas Jr, Carlos Alberto Malheiros, Elias Jirjoss Ilias, Anderson Soares Silva, Jessica Julioti Urbano, Patricia Clemente Oliveira, Felipe X Cepeda, Luciana M M Sampaio, Ivani C Trombetta, Humberto Delle, Daniel Gianella Neto, Sergio Roberto Nacif, Roberto Stirbulov, Eduardo Araujo Perez, Luis Vicente Franco Oliveira, Wilson Rodrigues Freitas Jr, Carlos Alberto Malheiros, Elias Jirjoss Ilias, Anderson Soares Silva, Jessica Julioti Urbano, Patricia Clemente Oliveira, Felipe X Cepeda, Luciana M M Sampaio, Ivani C Trombetta, Humberto Delle, Daniel Gianella Neto, Sergio Roberto Nacif, Roberto Stirbulov

Abstract

Background: In recent years, obesity has become one of the most important public health problems in the world, with a growing prevalence in both developed and developing countries. Recent studies show that sleep disturbances, especially obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) may be a manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although the association of OSA with the MetS is largely attributed to obesity, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms and their individual characteristics still need to be identified. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of syndrome Z in obese women with MetS on waiting list for bariatric surgery.

Methods: In this double-center cross-sectional study, female patients aged ≥18 years, stage III severe obesity with MetS, on waiting list for bariatric surgery were recruited. The diagnosis for MetS was made according to the criteria of the national cholesterol education program, adult treatment panel III. Clinical, anthropometric, demographic, biochemistry, and sleep measurements were collected. Correlations between continuous variables with sleep parameters were performed using the Pearson correlation test or Spearman correlation test.

Results: The mean age of 83 patients was 44.8 ± 11.2 years and mean BMI was 42.6 ± 8.1 kg/m2. There was a significant correlation between OSA and metabolic score (r = 0.336; P = 0.002), neck circumference (r = 0.218; P = 0.048), basal systolic blood pressure (r = 0.280; P = 0.01), total cholesterol (r = 0.277; P = 0.011) and abdomen circumference (r = 0.284; P = 0.009). The mean values of excessive daytime sleepiness were 10.5 ± 7 demonstrating a value considered normal for its presence. However, a high risk for OSA was observed in practically the entire population. It was observed that the prevalence of Syndrome Z (75.9%) increased significantly according to apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI) (P for trend <0.0000). A prevalence of 27.71% for mild OSA, 20.48% for moderate OSA, and 27.71% for severe OSA was observed. An association of AHI severity with all components of MetS was also observed.

Conclusions: We can conclude that syndrome Z presents a high prevalence in a female population with MetS and a considerable severity according to the presence of OSA. Therefore, patients with MetS should be investigated for the presence of sleep disorders. Trial registration The study has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02409160 and followed the standards of The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.

Keywords: Metabolic syndrome X; Obstructive sleep apnoea; Polysomnography; Severe obesity.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prevalence and severity of syndrome Z in patients with metabolic syndrome. AHI = apnea/hypopnea index per hour of sleep
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome components according absence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL = high density lipoprotein; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; AHI = apnea–hypopnea index. (*P 

Fig. 4

Correlation of apneia/hypopneia index and…

Fig. 4

Correlation of apneia/hypopneia index and systolic blood pressure, cholesterol total, metabolic score and…

Fig. 4
Correlation of apneia/hypopneia index and systolic blood pressure, cholesterol total, metabolic score and circumferences. SBP = systolic blood pressure; AHI = apneia/hypopneia index; mmHg = millimeters of mercury; mg/dl = milligrams per deciliters; cm = centimeters; h = hour. A: correlation of SBP and AHI; B: correlation of total cholesterol and AHI; C: correlation of metabolic score and AHI; D: correlation of circumference and AHI
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Correlation of apneia/hypopneia index and systolic blood pressure, cholesterol total, metabolic score and circumferences. SBP = systolic blood pressure; AHI = apneia/hypopneia index; mmHg = millimeters of mercury; mg/dl = milligrams per deciliters; cm = centimeters; h = hour. A: correlation of SBP and AHI; B: correlation of total cholesterol and AHI; C: correlation of metabolic score and AHI; D: correlation of circumference and AHI

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