Mechanical ventilation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Matthieu Schmidt, Vincent Pellegrino, Alain Combes, Carlos Scheinkestel, D Jamie Cooper, Carol Hodgson, Matthieu Schmidt, Vincent Pellegrino, Alain Combes, Carlos Scheinkestel, D Jamie Cooper, Carol Hodgson

Abstract

The timing of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) initiation and its outcome in the management of respiratory and cardiac failure have received considerable attention, but very little attention has been given to mechanical ventilation during ECMO. Mechanical ventilation settings in non-ECMO studies have been shown to have an effect on survival and may also have contributed to a treatment effect in ECMO trials. Protective lung ventilation strategies established for non-ECMO-supported respiratory failure patients may not be optimal for more severe forms of respiratory failure requiring ECMO support. The influence of positive end-expiratory pressure on the reduction of the left ventricular compliance may be a matter of concern for patients receiving ECMO support for cardiac failure. The objectives of this review were to describe potential mechanisms for lung injury during ECMO for respiratory or cardiac failure, to assess the possible benefits from the use of ultra-protective lung ventilation strategies and to review published guidelines and expert opinions available on mechanical ventilation-specific management of patients requiring ECMO, including mode and ventilator settings. Articles were identified through a detailed search of PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane databases and Google Scholar. Additional references were retrieved from the selected studies. Growing evidence suggests that mechanical ventilation settings are important in ECMO patients to minimize further lung damage and improve outcomes. An ultra-protective ventilation strategy may be optimal for mechanical ventilation during ECMO for respiratory failure. The effects of airway pressure on right and left ventricular afterload should be considered during venoarterial ECMO support of cardiac failure. Future studies are needed to better understand the potential impact of invasive mechanical ventilation modes and settings on outcomes.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01470703.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Specifications of mechanical ventilation with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for patients with severe acute respiratory failure. ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; NAVA, neurally adjusted ventilator assist; PBW, predicted body weight; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure.

References

    1. Davies A, Jones D, Bailey M, Beca J, Bellomo R, Blackwell N, Forrest P, Gattas D, Granger E, Herkes R, Jackson A, McGuinness S, Nair P, Pellegrino V, Pettila V, Plunkett B, Pye R, Torzillo P, Webb S, Wilson M, Ziegenfuss M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza A(H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2009;302:1888–1895.
    1. Noah MA, Peek GJ, Finney SJ, Griffiths MJ, Harrison DA, Grieve R, Sadique MZ, Sekhon JS, McAuley DF, Firmin RK, Harvey C, Cordingley JJ, Price S, Vuylsteke A, Jenkins DP, Noble DW, Bloomfield R, Walsh TS, Perkins GD, Menon D, Taylor BL, Rowan KM. Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1) JAMA. 2011;306:1659–1668. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1471.
    1. Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, Wilson A, Allen E, Thalanany MM, Hibbert CL, Truesdale A, Clemens F, Cooper N, Firmin RK, Elbourne D. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1351–1363. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61069-2.
    1. Pham T, Combes A, Roze H, Chevret S, Mercat A, Roch A, Mourvillier B, Ara-Somohano C, Bastien O, Zogheib E, Clavel M, Constan A, Marie Richard JC, Brun-Buisson C, Brochard L. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pandemic influenza A(H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study and propensity-matched analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:276–285. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201205-0815OC.
    1. Schmidt M, Zogheib E, Roze H, Repesse X, Lebreton G, Luyt CE, Trouillet JL, Brechot N, Nieszkowska A, Dupont H, Ouattara A, Leprince P, Chastre J, Combes A. The PRESERVE mortality risk score and analysis of long-term outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1704–1713. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3037-2.
    1. Bein T, Weber-Carstens S, Goldmann A, Muller T, Staudinger T, Brederlau J, Muellenbach R, Dembinski R, Graf BM, Wewalka M, Philipp A, Wernecke KD, Lubnow M, Slutsky AS. Lower tidal volume strategy (approximately 3 ml/kg) combined with extracorporeal CO(2) removal versus ‘conventional’ protective ventilation (6 ml/kg) in severe ARDS: the prospective randomized Xtravent-study. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:847–856. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2787-6.
    1. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Mascheroni D, Marcolin R, Fumagalli R, Rossi F, Iapichino G, Romagnoli G, Uziel L, Agostoni A, Kolobow T, Damia G. Low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA. 1986;256:881–886. doi: 10.1001/jama.1986.03380070087025.
    1. Morris AH, Wallace CJ, Menlove RL, Clemmer TP, Orme JF Jr, Weaver LK, Dean NC, Thomas F, East TD, Pace NL, Suchyta MR, Beck E, Bombino M, Sittig DF, Bohm S, Hoffmann B, Becks H, Butler S, Pearl J, Rasmusson B. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:295–305. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306022.
    1. Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadem J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, Olsson KM, Greer M, Sommer W, Welte T, Haverich A, Hoeper MM, Warnecke G. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:763–768. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201109-1599OC.
    1. Ricci D, Boffini M, Del Sorbo L, El Qarra S, Comoglio C, Ribezzo M, Bonato R, Ranieri VM, Rinaldi M. The use of CO2 removal devices in patients awaiting lung transplantation: an initial experience. Transplant Proc. 2010;42:1255–1258. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.03.117.
    1. Burki NK, Mani RK, Herth FJ, Schmidt W, Teschler H, Bonin F, Becker H, Randerath WJ, Stieglitz S, Hagmeyer L, Priegnitz C, Pfeifer M, Blaas SH, Putensen C, Theuerkauf N, Quintel M, Moerer O. A novel extracorporeal CO(2) removal system: results of a pilot study of hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with COPD. Chest. 2013;143:678–686.
    1. Chen YS, Chao A, Yu HY, Ko WJ, Wu IH, Chen RJ, Huang SC, Lin FY, Wang SS. Analysis and results of prolonged resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:197–203.
    1. Magovern GJ Jr, Simpson KA. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult cardiac support: the Allegheny experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:655–661. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00581-0.
    1. Smedira NG, Moazami N, Golding CM, McCarthy PM, Apperson-Hansen C, Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM 3rd. Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: survival at five years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:92–102. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2001.114351.
    1. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301–1308.
    1. Burns KE, Adhikari NK, Slutsky AS, Guyatt GH, Villar J, Zhang H, Zhou Q, Cook DJ, Stewart TE, Meade MO. Pressure and volume limited ventilation for the ventilatory management of patients with acute lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e14623. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014623.
    1. Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, Fallat RJ, Bartlett RH, Edmunds LH, Morris AH, Peirce EC 2nd, Thomas AN, Proctor HJ, Drinker PA, Pratt PC, Bagniewski A, Miller RG Jr. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. A randomized prospective study. JAMA. 1979;242:2193–2196. doi: 10.1001/jama.1979.03300200023016.
    1. Bein T, Zimmermann M, Hergeth K, Ramming M, Rupprecht L, Schlitt HJ, Slutsky AS. Pumpless extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide combined with ventilation using low tidal volume and high positive end-expiratory pressure in a patient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:195–198. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05735.x.
    1. Mauri T, Foti G, Zanella A, Bombino M, Confalonieri A, Patroniti N, Bellani G, Pesenti A. Long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with minimal ventilatory support: a new paradigm for severe ARDS? Minerva Anestesiol. 2012;78:385–389.
    1. Ratliff JL, Hill JD, Fallat RJ, Parrot J, Tucker HJ. Complications associated with membrane lung support by venoarterial perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 1975;19:537–539. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)64429-3.
    1. Luecke T, Pelosi P. Clinical review: Positive end-expiratory pressure and cardiac output. Crit Care. 2005;9:607–621. doi: 10.1186/cc3877.
    1. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Extracorporeal Life Support and Patient Specific Supplements to the ELSO General Guidelines. Ann Arbor, MI; [ ]
    1. Combes A, Bacchetta M, Brodie D, Muller T, Pellegrino V. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure in adults. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18:99–104. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834ef412.
    1. Réseau Europeen de Recherche en Ventilation Artificielle (REVA) – Syndrome de Détresse Respiratoire Aiguë lié à la grippe A(H1N1)-2009 Recommandations pour l'assistance respiratoire. [ ]
    1. Joffe AR, Lequier L, Robertson CM. Pediatric outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease and for cardiac arrest: a review. ASAIO J. 2012;58:297–310. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0b013e31825a21ff.
    1. Kar B, Basra SS, Shah NR, Loyalka P. Percutaneous circulatory support in cardiogenic shock: interventional bridge to recovery. Circulation. 2012;125:1809–1817. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040220.
    1. Combes A, Brechot N, Luyt CE, Schmidt M. What is the niche for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18:527–532. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328357f090.
    1. Pitsis AA, Visouli AN. Mechanical assistance of the circulation during cardiogenic shock. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17:425–438. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834a75c1.
    1. Brodie D, Bacchetta M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for ARDS in adults. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1905–1914. doi: 10.1056/NEJMct1103720.
    1. ECMO and Life Support Systems Quadrox PLS and Rotaflow Hardware and Accessories. [ ]
    1. Schmidt M, Tachon G, Devilliers C, Muller G, Hekimian G, Brechot N, Merceron S, Luyt CE, Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Leprince P, Combes A. Blood oxygenation and decarboxylation determinants during venovenous ECMO for respiratory failure in adults. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:838–846. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2785-8.
    1. MacLaren G, Combes A, Bartlett RH. Contemporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult respiratory failure: life support in the new era. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:210–220. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2439-2.
    1. Dreyfuss D, Basset G, Soler P, Saumon G. Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:880–884.
    1. Dreyfuss D, Soler P, Basset G, Saumon G. High inflation pressure pulmonary edema. Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137:1159–1164. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.5.1159.
    1. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A. The concept of ‘baby lung’. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:776–784. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-2627-z.
    1. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Cressoni M, Chiumello D, Ranieri VM, Quintel M, Russo S, Patroniti N, Cornejo R, Bugedo G. Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1775–1786. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052052.
    1. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, Goodman LR. What has computed tomography taught us about the acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1701–1711. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2103121.
    1. Rouby JJ. A lung computed tomographic assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung overdistension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1396–1397.
    1. Vieira SR, Puybasset L, Lu Q, Richecoeur J, Cluzel P, Coriat P, Rouby JJ. A scanographic assessment of pulmonary morphology in acute lung injury. Significance of the lower inflection point detected on the lung pressure–volume curve. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1612–1623. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9805112.
    1. Terragni PP, Rosboch G, Tealdi A, Corno E, Menaldo E, Davini O, Gandini G, Herrmann P, Mascia L, Quintel M, Slutsky AS, Gattinoni L, Ranieri VM. Tidal hyperinflation during low tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:160–166. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200607-915OC.
    1. Caironi P, Cressoni M, Chiumello D, Ranieri M, Quintel M, Russo SG, Cornejo R, Bugedo G, Carlesso E, Russo R, Caspani L, Gattinoni L. Lung opening and closing during ventilation of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:578–586. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200905-0787OC.
    1. Mead J, Takishima T, Leith D. Stress distribution in lungs: a model of pulmonary elasticity. J Appl Physiol. 1970;28:596–608.
    1. Muscedere JG, Mullen JB, Gan K, Slutsky AS. Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:1327–1334. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173774.
    1. Grasso S, Stripoli T, Sacchi M, Trerotoli P, Staffieri F, Franchini D, De Monte V, Valentini V, Pugliese P, Crovace A, Driessen B, Fiore T. Inhomogeneity of lung parenchyma during the open lung strategy: a computed tomography scan study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:415–423. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0156OC.
    1. Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Slutsky AS, Arabi YM, Cooper DJ, Davies AR, Hand LE, Zhou Q, Thabane L, Austin P, Lapinsky S, Baxter A, Russell J, Skrobik Y, Ronco JJ, Stewart TE. Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:637–645. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.6.637.
    1. Mercat A, Richard JC, Vielle B, Jaber S, Osman D, Diehl JL, Lefrant JY, Prat G, Richecoeur J, Nieszkowska A, Gervais C, Baudot J, Bouadma L, Brochard L. Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:646–655. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.6.646.
    1. Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N, Matthay MA, Morris A, Ancukiewicz M, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:327–336.
    1. Dantzker DR, Wagner PD, West JB. Proceedings: Instability of poorly ventilated lung units during oxygen breathing. J Physiol. 1974;242:72P.
    1. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Reber A, Hedenstierna G. Prevention of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Lancet. 1995;345:1387–1391. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92595-3.
    1. Santos C, Ferrer M, Roca J, Torres A, Hernandez C, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Pulmonary gas exchange response to oxygen breathing in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:26–31. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.1.9902084.
    1. Suter PM, Fairley HB, Schlobohm RM. Shunt, lung volume and perfusion during short periods of ventilation with oxygen. Anesthesiology. 1975;43:617–627. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197512000-00003.
    1. Aboab J, Jonson B, Kouatchet A, Taille S, Niklason L, Brochard L. Effect of inspired oxygen fraction on alveolar derecruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:1979–1986. doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0382-4.
    1. Fessler HE. Heart-lung interactions: applications in the critically ill. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:226–237. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10010226.
    1. Jardin F. Acute leftward septal shift by lung recruitment maneuver. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:1148–1149. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-2733-y.
    1. Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A. Monitoring of right-sided heart function. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11:271–279. doi: 10.1097/01.ccx.0000158847.56107.55.
    1. Feihl F, Eckert P, Brimioulle S, Jacobs O, Schaller MD, Melot C, Naeije R. Permissive hypercapnia impairs pulmonary gas exchange in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:209–215. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907119.
    1. Feihl F, Perret C. Permissive hypercapnia. How permissive should we be? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1722–1737. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952641.
    1. Frank JA, Gutierrez JA, Jones KD, Allen L, Dobbs L, Matthay MA. Low tidal volume reduces epithelial and endothelial injury in acid-injured rat lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:242–249. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.2.2108087.
    1. Hager DN, Krishnan JA, Hayden DL, Brower RG. Tidal volume reduction in patients with acute lung injury when plateau pressures are not high. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1241–1245. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200501-048CP.
    1. Terragni PP, Del Sorbo L, Mascia L, Urbino R, Martin EL, Birocco A, Faggiano C, Quintel M, Gattinoni L, Ranieri VM. Tidal volume lower than 6 ml/kg enhances lung protection: role of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:826–835. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b764d2.
    1. Kumpers P, Nickel N, Lukasz A, Golpon H, Westerkamp V, Olsson KM, Jonigk D, Maegel L, Bockmeyer CL, David S, Hoeper MM. Circulating angiopoietins in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2291–2300. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq226.
    1. Zabrocki LA, Brogan TV, Statler KD, Poss WB, Rollins MD, Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: survival and predictors of mortality. Critical Care Med. 2011;39:364–370. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fb7b35.
    1. Nielsen ND, Kjaergaard B, Koefoed-Nielsen J, Steensen CO, Larsson A. Apneic oxygenation combined with extracorporeal arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal provides sufficient gas exchange in experimental lung injury. ASAIO J. 2008;54:401–405. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0b013e31817e2b5f.
    1. Somaschini M, Bellan C, Locatelli G, Glauber M, Colombo A. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with veno-venous bypass and apneic oxygenation for treatment of severe neonatal respiratory failure. Int J Artif Organs. 1995;18:574–578.
    1. Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, Pereira VG, Esposito DC, Pasqualucci Mde O, Damasceno MC, Schultz MJ. Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308:1651–1659. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.13730.
    1. Dembinski R, Hochhausen N, Terbeck S, Uhlig S, Dassow C, Schneider M, Schachtrupp A, Henzler D, Rossaint R, Kuhlen R. Pumpless extracorporeal lung assist for protective mechanical ventilation in experimental lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2359–2366. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000281857.87354.A5.
    1. Hormann C, Baum M, Putensen C, Mutz NJ, Benzer H. Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP) – a new mode of ventilatory support. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1994;11:37–42.
    1. Yoshida T, Rinka H, Kaji A, Yoshimoto A, Arimoto H, Miyaichi T, Kan M. The impact of spontaneous ventilation on distribution of lung aeration in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: airway pressure release ventilation versus pressure support ventilation. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:1892–1900. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bbd918.
    1. Hering R, Zinserling J, Wrigge H, Varelmann D, Berg A, Kreyer S, Putensen C. Effects of spontaneous breathing during airway pressure release ventilation on respiratory work and muscle blood flow in experimental lung injury. Chest. 2005;128:2991–2998. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.4.2991.
    1. Putensen C, Mutz NJ, Putensen-Himmer G, Zinserling J. Spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support improves ventilation–perfusion distributions in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1241–1248. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9806077.
    1. EOLIA Trial. [ ]
    1. Combes A. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The EOLIA (ECMO to rescue Lung Injury in severe ARDS) trial: a multicenter, international, randomized, controlled open trial. Reanimation. 2011;20:49–61.
    1. Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, Zhu J, Sachdeva R, Sonnad S, Kaiser LR, Rubinstein NA, Powers SK, Shrager JB. Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1327–1335. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070447.
    1. Bein T, Osborn E, Hofmann HS, Zimmermann M, Philipp A, Schlitt HJ, Graf BM. Successful treatment of a severely injured soldier from Afghanistan with pumpless extracorporeal lung assist and neurally adjusted ventilatory support. Int J Emerg Med. 2010;3:177–179. doi: 10.1007/s12245-010-0192-x.
    1. Mauri T, Bellani G, Grasselli G, Confalonieri A, Rona R, Patroniti N, Pesenti A. Patient-ventilator interaction in ARDS patients with extremely low compliance undergoing ECMO: a novel approach based on diaphragm electrical activity. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:282–291. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2755-1.
    1. Karagiannidis C, Lubnow M, Philipp A, Riegger GA, Schmid C, Pfeifer M, Mueller T. Autoregulation of ventilation with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist on extracorporeal lung support. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:2038–2044. doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-1982-6.
    1. Del Sorbo L, Ranieri VM, Keshavjee S. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as ‘bridge’ to lung transplantation: what remains in order to make it standard of care? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:699–701. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0193ED.
    1. Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT, Hayden D, deBoisblanc B, Connors AF Jr, Hite RD, Harabin AL. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2564–2575.
    1. Patroniti N, Zangrillo A, Pappalardo F, Peris A, Cianchi G, Braschi A, Iotti GA, Arcadipane A, Panarello G, Ranieri VM, Terragni P, Antonelli M, Gattinoni L, Oleari F, Pesenti A. The Italian ECMO network experience during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic: preparation for severe respiratory emergency outbreaks. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:1447–1457. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2301-6.
    1. Lang G, Taghavi S, Aigner C, Renyi-Vamos F, Jaksch P, Augustin V, Nagayama K, Ghanim B, Klepetko W. Primary lung transplantation after bridge with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a plea for a shift in our paradigms for indications. Transplantation. 2012;93:729–736. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e318246f8e1.
    1. Mason DP, Thuita L, Nowicki ER, Murthy SC, Pettersson GB, Blackstone EH. Should lung transplantation be performed for patients on mechanical respiratory support? The US experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:765–773. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.09.031. e1.
    1. Olsson KM, Simon A, Strueber M, Hadem J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Fuehner T, Fischer S, Warnecke G, Kuhn C, Haverich A, Welte T, Hoeper MM. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in nonintubated patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:2173–2178. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03192.x.
    1. Wiesner O, Hadem J, Sommer W, Kuhn C, Welte T, Hoeper MM. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a nonintubated patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1296–1298. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00076912.
    1. Hoeper MM, Wiesner O, Hadem J, Wahl O, Suhling H, Duesberg C, Sommer W, Warnecke G, Greer M, Boenisch O, Busch M, Kielstein JT, Schneider A, Haverich A, Welte T, Kuhn C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation instead of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:2056–2057. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3052-3.
    1. Camporota L, Smith J, Barrett N, Beale R. Assessment of regional lung mechanics with electrical impedance tomography can determine the requirement for ECMO in patients with severe ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:2086–2087. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2701-2.
    1. Grasso S, Terragni P, Birocco A, Urbino R, Del Sorbo L, Filippini C, Mascia L, Pesenti A, Zangrillo A, Gattinoni L, Ranieri VM. ECMO criteria for influenza A (H1N1)-associated ARDS: role of transpulmonary pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:395–403. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2490-7.

Source: PubMed

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

3
구독하다