Mechanistic insights into the health benefits of fish-oil supplementation against fine particulate matter air pollution: a randomized controlled trial

Lu Zhou, Yixuan Jiang, Zhijing Lin, Renjie Chen, Yue Niu, Haidong Kan, Lu Zhou, Yixuan Jiang, Zhijing Lin, Renjie Chen, Yue Niu, Haidong Kan

Abstract

Background: Dietary fish-oil supplementation might attenuate the associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and subclinical biomarkers. However, the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of fish-oil supplementation against the PM2.5-induced health effects.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial among healthy college students in Shanghai, China, from September 2017 to January 2018. A total of 70 participants from the Fenglin campus of Fudan University were included. We randomly assigned participants to either supplementation of 2.5-gram fish oil (n = 35) or sunflower-seed oil (placebo) (n = 35) per day and conducted four rounds of health measurements in the last two months of the trial. As a post hoc exploratory study, the present untargeted metabolomics analysis used remaining blood samples collected in the previous trial and applied a Metabolome-Wide Association Study framework to compare the effects of PM2.5 on the metabolic profile between the sunflower-seed oil and fish oil groups.

Results: A total of 65 participants completed the trial (34 of the fish oil group and 31 of the sunflower-seed oil group). On average, ambient PM2.5 concentration on the day of health measurements was 34.9 µg/m3 in the sunflower-seed oil group and 34.5 µg/m3 in the fish oil group, respectively. A total of 3833 metabolites were significantly associated with PM2.5 in the sunflower-seed oil group and 1757 in the fish oil group. Of these, 1752 metabolites showed significant between-group differences. The identified differential metabolites included arachidonic acid derivatives, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and omega-9 fatty acids that were related to unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, which plays a role in the inflammatory responses.

Conclusion: This trial suggests fish-oil supplementation could mitigate the PM2.5-induced inflammatory responses via modulating fatty acid metabolism, providing biological plausibility for the health benefits of fish-oil supplementation against PM2.5 exposure.

Trial registration: This study is registered at ClinicalTrails.gov (NCT03255187).

Keywords: Fine particulate matter; Fish oil; Metabolomics; Randomized controlled trial.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Summary description of differential metabolic features. (A) The number of features showing significant between-group differences associated with ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration in the sunflower-seed oil (placebo) and the fish oil groups at different lag periods. Volcano plots of percentage changes associated with a 10-µg/m3 increment in ambient PM2.5 concentration versus –log10P for differential metabolites in the sunflower-seed oil group (B) and the fish oil group (C) at a lag of 0–6 h
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Percentage changes in omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, omega-9 fatty acids, and arachidonic acid derivatives associated with a 10-µg/m3 increment in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration in the sunflower-seed oil (placebo) group and the fish oil group. Abbreviations: 8-HETE, 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 20-OH-LTB4, 20-OH-Leukotriene B4. Note.* Significant difference between groups (P-value < 0.05). † Significant interaction between PM2.5 concentration and treatment (P-value < 0.05)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Top 15 most enriched metabolic pathways in positive ionization mode (A), and negative ionization mode (B) at a lag of 0–6 h

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Source: PubMed

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